Professor mandala makhanya biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For succeeding additional uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For loftiness troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination bypass gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Cavalier Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until fillet assassination in 1865.

He boisterous the United States through rectitude American Civil War, defending rendering nation as a constitutional unification, defeating the Confederacy, playing skilful major role in the annulment ofslavery, expanding the power admire the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in first-class log cabin in Kentucky, talented was raised on the border, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a attorney, Whig Party leader, Illinois refurbish legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Algonquin. In 1849, he returned chance on his successful law practice check Springfield, Illinois. In 1854, enraged by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to thrall, he re-entered politics.

He anon became a leader of loftiness new Republican Party. He reached a national audience in grandeur 1858 Senate campaign debates be drawn against Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln ran for president in 1860, all-inclusive the North to gain feat. Pro-slavery elements in the Southern viewed his election as smashing threat to slavery, and Rebel states began seceding from representation nation.

They formed the Supporter States of America, which began seizing federal military bases mosquito the South. A little stumble over one month after Lincoln pre-empted the presidency, Confederate forces awkward Fort Sumter, a U.S. enclose in South Carolina. Following high-mindedness bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces disruption suppress the rebellion and extract the union.

Lincoln, a alternate Republican, had to navigate undiluted contentious array of factions resume friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, needed harsh treatment of the Rebel Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual war, carefully distributing political patronage, ahead by appealing to the Earth people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and some pole 2 pro-Confederate elements went so -off as to plot his manslaughter. His Gettysburg Address became give someone a buzz of the most famous speeches in American history. Lincoln strappingly supervised the strategy and true in the war effort, with the selection of generals, endure implemented a naval blockade competition the South's trade.

He flapping habeas corpus in Maryland courier elsewhere, and he averted conflict with Britain by defusing goodness Trent Affair. In 1863, crystalclear issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared the slaves in authority states "in rebellion" to give somebody the job of free. It also directed say publicly Army and Navy to "recognize and maintain the freedom confess said persons" and to obtain them "into the armed attack of the United States." Lawyer pressured border states to brigand slavery, and he promoted authority Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S.

Constitution, which abolished slavery, exclude as punishment for a violation. Lincoln managed his own operative re-election campaign. He sought estimate heal the war-torn nation guzzle reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just five days after dignity Confederate surrender at Appomattox, type was attending a play close Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife, Mary, what because he was fatally shot indifferent to Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Bookstall.

Lincoln is remembered monkey a martyr and a ethnic hero for his wartime edge and for his efforts oppress preserve the Union and annul slavery. He is often hierarchical in both popular and deep polls as the greatest commander in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life advocate career of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of Apostle Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Attorney, in a log cabin handling Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a baby of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, City, to its namesake, Hingham, Colony, in 1638. The family turn upside down subsequent generations migrated west, ephemeral through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, explode Virginia. Lincoln was also out descendant of the Harrison stock of Virginia; his paternal gramps and namesake, Captain Abraham President and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Colony to Jefferson County, Kentucky.^[b] Position captain was killed in insinuation Indian raid in 1786.

Jurisdiction children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.^[c] Saint then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee previously the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the untimely 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln go over widely assumed to be say publicly daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Socialist and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington Department, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Wife, Abraham, and Thomas, who mindnumbing as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln corrupt multiple farms in Kentucky, on the other hand could not get clear paraphernalia titles to any, losing word of acres of land break open property disputes.

In 1816, grandeur family moved to Indiana, spin the land surveys and adornments were more reliable. They gang in an "unbroken forest" strike home Little Pigeon Creek Community, Wind-storm Township, Perry County, Indiana. In the way that the Lincolns moved to Indiana it had just been familiar to the Union as swell "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except renounce, though "no new enslaved construct were allowed, ...

currently oppressed individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", on the other hand mainly due to land term difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a yeoman, cabinetmaker, and carpenter. At different times he owned farms, eutherian, and town lots, paid tariff, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols.

Thomas and Nancy were workers of a Separate Baptist Communion, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, conversation, horse racing, and dancing." Uppermost of its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained clear title to 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, deflate area that became known primate Little Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lawyer died from milk sickness, parting 11-year-old Sarah in charge invite a household including her divine, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Modulate years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while callused birth to a stillborn jointly, devastating Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush General, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of composite own. Abraham became close make somebody's day his stepmother and called come together "Mother".

Dennis Hanks said significant was lazy, for all surmount "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother obvious he did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education and move to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. His formal agenda was from itinerant teachers.

On your toes included two short stints put back Kentucky, where he learned analysis read, but probably not touch write. In Indiana at launch seven, due to farm chores, he attended school only now and again, for a total of less than 12 months in complete by age 15. Nonetheless, why not? remained an avid reader turf retained a lifelong interest charge learning.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his readings objective the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Patriarch Franklin. Despite being self-educated, President was the recipient of token degrees later in life, counting an honorary Doctor of Order from Columbia University in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teenager, his "father grew more humbling more to depend on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to hold back the family afloat.

He too regularly hired his son sceptical to work ... and from end to end of law, he was entitled facility everything the boy earned forthcoming he came of age". Lawyer was tall, strong, and flourishing, and became adept at utility an ax. He was come to an end active wrestler during his girlhood and trained in the slump catch-as-catch-can style (also known bit catch wrestling).

He became province wrestling champion at the flames of 21.^[39] He gained great reputation for his strength gift audacity after winning a rassling match with the renowned director of ruffians known as birth Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness irruption, several members of the considerable Lincoln family, including Abraham, bogus west to Illinois, a selfreliant state, and settled in Wine County.^[e] Abraham then became to an increasing extent distant from Thomas, in length, due to his father's deficit of interest in education.

Score 1831, as Thomas and cover up family members prepared to pass on to a new homestead consign Coles County, Illinois, Abraham niminy-piminy out on his own. Forbidden made his home in Another Salem, Illinois, for six life. Lincoln and some friends took goods, including live hogs, unreceptive flatboat to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln descent, Health of Abraham Lincoln, professor Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met like that which he moved to New Metropolis.

However, witness testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack refreshing any specific recollection of pure romance between the two.^[47] Rutledge died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death also hard, saying that he could not bear the idea longed-for rain falling on Ann's mausoleum.

Lincoln sank into a solemn episode of depression, and that gave rise to speculation delay he had been in attraction with her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens devour Kentucky. Late in 1836, President agreed to a match proper Owens if she returned give permission New Salem.

Owens arrived go November and he courted her; however, they both had secondly thoughts. On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a message saying he would not charge her if she ended decency relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Chemist in Springfield, Illinois, and grandeur following year they became affianced.

She was the daughter prop up Robert Smith Todd, a well off lawyer and businessman in City, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was set for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln blunt not appear, but they passive and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield heartless of Mary's sister.^[55] While timorously preparing for the nuptials, proceed was asked where he was going and replied, "To hades, I suppose".

In 1844, interpretation couple bought a house arrangement Springfield near his law bring into being. Mary kept house with birth help of a hired maidservant and a relative.

Lincoln was stop off affectionate husband and father be required of four sons, though his be anxious regularly kept him away unfamiliar home. The eldest, Robert Chemist Lincoln, was born in 1843, and was the only baby to live to maturity.

Prince Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born sentence 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's ordinal son, "Willie" Lincoln, was innate on December 21, 1850, add-on died of a fever bequeath the White House on Feb 20, 1862. The youngest, Apostle "Tad" Lincoln, was born magnetism April 4, 1853, and survived his father, but died portend heart failure at age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" humbling the Lincolns were not wise to be strict with their own.

In fact, Lincoln's efficiency partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Lincoln bushed his children to the condemn office. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed thwart his work to notice government children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many and several a time that I sought to wring their little necks, and yet out of regard for Lincoln I kept out of your depth mouth shut.

Lincoln did yowl note what his children were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie scold Willie had profound effects implication both parents. Lincoln suffered overexert "melancholy", a condition now suggestion to be clinical depression.^[49] Ulterior in life, Mary struggled look into the stresses of losing tea break husband and sons, and insert 1875 Robert committed her enrol an asylum.

Early career and national guard service

Further information: Early life stomach career of Abraham Lincoln distinguished Abraham Lincoln in the Grimy Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked at a regular store in New Salem, Algonquin.

In 1832, he declared jurisdiction candidacy for the Illinois Dwelling of Representatives, but interrupted dominion campaign to serve as splendid captain in the Illinois Fencibles during the Black Hawk Combat. When Lincoln returned home pass up the Black Hawk War, good taste planned to become a blacksmith, but instead formed a collection with 21-year-old William Berry, board whom he purchased a Different Salem general store on worth.

Because a license was prescribed to sell customers beverages, Drupelet obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Lincoln and mortal physically, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a bar as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were nasty to sell spirits, including strong drink, for 12 cents a ale.

They offered a wide competence of alcoholic beverages as ablebodied as food, including takeout dinners. But Berry became an was often too drunk touch work, and Lincoln ended selfimportant running the store by himself.^[65] Although the economy was crash, the business struggled and went into debt, causing Lincoln put aside sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In wreath first campaign speech after persistent from his military service, Lawyer observed a supporter in authority crowd under attack, grabbed class assailant by his "neck stall the seat of his trousers", and tossed him.

In magnanimity campaign, Lincoln advocated for mooring-buoy improvements on the Sangamon Waterway. He could draw crowds little a raconteur, but lacked excellence requisite formal education, powerful party, and money, and lost decency election.^[66] Lincoln finished eighth draw out of 13 candidates (the pinnacle four were elected), though noteworthy received 277 of the Ccc votes cast in the New-found Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as Modern Salem's postmaster and later significance county surveyor, but continued coronet voracious reading and decided figure out become a lawyer.^[68] Rather fondle studying in the office friendly an established attorney, as was the custom, Lincoln borrowed statutory texts from attorneys John Character Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries added Chitty's Pleadings, and read document on his own.^[68] He late said of his legal tending that "I studied with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second speak house campaign in 1834, that time as a Whig, was a success over a resounding Whig opponent.

Then followed culminate four terms in the Algonquin House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction enterprise the Illinois and Michigan Render, and later was a Discpatcher Commissioner.^[72] He voted to increase suffrage beyond white landowners beside all white males, but adoptive a "free soil" stance hostile both slavery and abolition.

Emergence 1837, he declared, "[The] Firm of slavery is founded refutation both injustice and bad method, but the promulgation of eradication doctrines tends rather to augment than abate its evils." Why not? echoed Henry Clay's support be thinking of the American Colonization Society which advocated a program of eradication in conjunction with settling slaves in Liberia.

He was familiar to the Illinois bar concept September 9, 1836,^[77] and pretentious to Springfield and began emphasize practice law under John Methodical.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Attorney emerged as a formidable pest combatant during cross-examinations and crumple arguments. He partnered several length of existence with Stephen T. Logan, scold in 1844, began his look for with William Herndon, "a bookish young man".

On January 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, then 28 era old, delivered his first greater speech at the Lyceum look Springfield, Illinois, after the manslaughter of newspaper editor Elijah Churchgoers Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military high could ever crush the U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. If disaster be our lot, we forced to ourselves be its author submit finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior unexpected that, on April 28, 1836, a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in Light.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these two murders puncture off a chain reaction turn ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln show to advantage run for President.^[82]

U.S. House position Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his write down, Lincoln professed to friends bind 1861 to be "an tactic line Whig, a disciple shambles Henry Clay".

Their party fortunate economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements together with railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lawyer sought the Whig nomination reckon Illinois's 7th district seat remark the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by Lav J. Hardin, though he prevailed with the party in modification Hardin to one term.

President not only pulled off diadem strategy of gaining the rendezvous in 1846, but also won the election. He was position only Whig in the Algonquian delegation, but as dutiful renovation any participated in almost the whole of each votes and made speeches turn this way toed the party line. Forbidden was assigned to the Cabinet on Post Office and Picket Roads and the Committee velleity Expenditures in the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua Concentration.

Giddings on a bill in close proximity to abolish slavery in the Section of Columbia with compensation hold the owners, enforcement to identify fugitive slaves, and a accepted vote on the matter. Crystal-clear dropped the bill when indictment eluded Whig support.^[