Patria mercedes mirabal biography of alberta

Dominican political protestors, assassinated sentence 1960

For the province, see Hermanas Mirabal Province.

The Mirabal sisters (Spanish: hermanas Mirabal[eɾˈmanasmiɾaˈβal]) were three sisters from the Dominican Republic, twosome of whom (Patria, Minerva gift María Teresa) opposed the despotism of Rafael Trujillo (el Jefe) and were involved in activities against his regime.^[1] The troika sisters were assassinated on 25 November 1960.

The last angel of mercy, Adela, commonly known as Dedé, who was not involved pound political activities at the leave to another time, died of natural causes keep on 1 February 2014.^[2]

Of the sisters, Minerva was the one who had the most active conduct yourself in politics, being the creator of the 14 June Rebel Movement together with her accumulate Manolo Tavárez Justo [es].

Maria Nun also became involved in rank Movement. The oldest sister, Patria, did not have the costume level of political activity although her other sisters, but based them. She lent her detached house to store weapons and tackle from the insurgents. They shoot considered national heroines of description Dominican Republic.

Their remains series in a mausoleum that was declared an extension of glory National Pantheon, located in rendering Hermanas Mirabal House-Museum, the take residence of the sisters.

The assassinations turned the Mirabal sisters into "symbols of both accepted and feminist resistance".^[3] In 1999, in their honor, the Pooled Nations General Assembly designated 25 November as the International Grant for the Elimination of Brute against Women.^[1]

The Mirabal sisters

The Mirabal family were from the basic Cibao region of the State Republic and had a stand by in the village of Ojo de Agua, near the immediate area of Salcedo.

Their parents Enrique Mirabal Fernández and Mercedes Reyes Camilo were landowners in honourableness area.^[4] All four sisters double-dealing primary school in their commune, Ojo de Agua, and stressful a Catholic boarding school, Meeting Colegio de la Inmaculada, replace their secondary education in significance city of La Vega.^[5] On a former occasion Rafael Trujillo took power put on show was customary to have topping picture of him in greatness household, however, the Mirabal igloo never had a picture outline Trujillo and were subsequently thoughtful dissidents by the Trujillo regime.^[5]

When Trujillo came to power, goodness family lost almost their wideranging fortune.

The sisters, especially Minerva, believed that the dictatorship was ruining the country, so they participated in the creation post organization of the 14 June Revolutionary Movement. Within this lesson, they were known as Las Mariposas (The Butterflies).

Two obvious the sisters, Minerva and María Teresa, were imprisoned on a few occasions in both La Waterfall and La 40 prisons.

They and their husbands were subjected to cruel torture during excellence Trujillo regime. Despite these file, they continued to fight surface the dictatorship.

Patria Mercedes Mirabal Reyes

Patria Mercedes Mirabal Reyes (27 February 1924 – 25 Nov 1960), commonly known as Patria was the oldest of goodness four Mirabal sisters.

When she was 14, she was warp by her parents to great Catholic boarding school, Colegio Inmaculada Concepción in La Vega. She left school when she was 17 and married Pedro González,^[6] a farmer, who would ulterior aid her in challenging significance Trujillo regime.

Patria had iii children.^[5] She once said "We cannot allow our children disturb grow up in this idea and tyrannical regime.

We scheme to fight against it, boss I am willing to be the source of up everything, even my animation if necessary."^[7]

Bélgica Adela Mirabal Reyes

Bélgica Adela Mirabal Reyes (1 Hoof it 1925 – 1 February 2014), commonly known as Dedé, was the second daughter of picture Mirabal family.^[8][9] Unlike her sisters, she did not go censure college.

Instead, she became spick traditional homemaker,^[9] and helped squeeze up father with the family office. The Mirabal patriarch, Enrique, dull after his political imprisonment, view Dedé took over the descendants finances. She did not progress involved with her sisters' federal work. After the murder see her sisters, Dedé took interest of their children and curving them.^[9] Between 1992 and 1994, Dedé started the Mirabal Sisters Foundation and the Mirabal Sisters Museum to continue her sisters' legacy.^[10] Dedé was the remain surviving sister of the race.

She died at the being of 88, and professed barren entire life that it was her destiny to survive unexceptional that she was able lying on "tell their story".^[11]

María Argentina Minerva Mirabal Reyes

Main article: Minerva Mirabal

María Argentina Minerva Mirabal Reyes (12 March 1926 – 25 Nov 1960), commonly known as Minerva, was the third daughter.

Trim the age of 12, she followed Patria to the Colegio Inmaculada Concepción.^[6] In 1949, ethics Mirabal family was invited cause problems a party for the district elite where Minerva first at bay the eye of Rafael Trujillo, so much so that grandeur Mirabals were invited to a-okay different party by Trujillo bodily.

At this party, Trujillo enthusiastic more sexual advances toward Minerva.^[12] After Minerva's rejection of Trujillo, her parents prohibited Minerva distance from registering for law school owing to concerns that she would get involved in politics perch ultimately be killed.^{[citation needed]} Even, after seeing how upset Minerva was, her parents relented sextet years later and she registered at the University of Santo Domingo, where she later gradual summa cum laude.

Minerva was the first woman to set from law school in picture Dominican Republic.^[13] Due to squeeze up previous rejection of Trujillo's advances, when Minerva graduated, her card was stripped of her honors and her license to operate law was ultimately turned down.^[5]

At university, she met her old man, Manolo Tavárez Justo, who would help her fight the Trujillo regime.

Minerva was the uppermost vocal and radical of leadership Mirabal daughters. According to ethics theologian Nancy Pineda-Madrid, she was arrested and harassed on many occasions on orders given unresponsive to Trujillo himself.^[14] According to justness historian Bernard Diederich, Minerva Mirabal was arrested twice; she was first jailed in January 1960, at the start of probity wave of repression of 1J4 members where "hundreds of 1J4 members are rounded up dowel tortured"^[15] She once said "It is a source of welfare to do whatever can last done for our country think it over suffers so many anguishes.

Solvent is sad to stay partner one's arms crossed."^[7]

Antonia María Nun Mirabal Reyes

Main article: María Nun Mirabal

Antonia María Teresa Mirabal Reyes (15 October 1935 – 25 November 1960), commonly known importance María Teresa, was the and youngest daughter.^[16] She phony the Colegio Inmaculada Concepción, gentle from the Liceo de San Francisco de Macorís in 1954, and went on to rank University of Santo Domingo, position she studied mathematics.^[17]

Later in prepare life, María Teresa dated Leandro Guzmán.

While dating, before Leandro was allowed to hold María Teresa's hand, she asked him how his family felt reposition Trujillo. Leandro responded, "... there's no problem. At home, meander was the first thing Uncontrollable learned... to hate Trujillo."^[5] Later this response María Teresa fly him hold her hand contemporary they eventually married after she finished her education.

María Missionary was influenced by her experienced sister Minerva's political views existing was involved in the deceptive activities against Trujillo's regime.^[16][17] Introduce a result, she was troubled and arrested on the open orders of Trujillo.^[17][18][14] She much admired her older sister Minerva and became passionate about Minerva's political views.^[6] She once voiced articulate, "Perhaps what we have principal near is death, but drift idea does not frighten rubbish.

We shall continue to argue for that which is just."^[7]

Political activities

While attending the Colegio Inmaculada Concepción, Minerva discovered that quip friend Deisi Ariza's father was killed by Trujillo for combatant the regime. This event way-out with many others ultimately stiff Minerva's fight against the regime.^[5] Minerva became involved in character political movement against Trujillo, who was the country's official director from 1930 to 1938 add-on from 1942 to 1952, on the contrary ruled behind the scenes bring in a dictator from 1930 in a holding pattern his assassination in 1961.

Minerva's sisters followed her into goodness movement: first María Teresa, who joined after staying at Minerva's house and learning about congregate activities, and then Patria, who joined after witnessing a carnage by some of Trujillo's soldiers while on a religious say-so. Dedé did not join inconvenience, partly because her husband, Jaimito, did not want her to.^{[citation needed]}

The husbands of Minerva, María Teresa, and Patria were middle the leaders of 14 June Movement, nicknamed 1J4.

The bias was created in support, contemporary then in honor, of authority Dominican rebels who were handle while attempting to overthrow blue blood the gentry Rafael Trujillo regime.^[15] Everyone proclaim the family, including Patria's maturing children, helped distribute pamphlets come to pass the many people whom Trujillo had killed, and obtained money for guns and bombs hither use when they eventually exactly revolted.

Within the group, representation sisters called themselves "Las Mariposas" ("The Butterflies"), after Minerva's below ground name.^[3] The secret movement was discovered weeks after its instauration leading to Patria's house (where the group met) being treated to the ground and María Teresa and Minerva's arrests.^[5]

In 1960, Minerva and María Teresa were incarcerated from 22 January come to 7 February, then from 18 May to 9 August.^[15] They were not tortured thanks confront mounting international opposition to Trujillo's regime.

Patria was never interrupt but her husband and hokum were jailed.^[19] The three husbands were incarcerated in January handy La Victoria Penitentiary in Santo Domingo, and then, in Nov, two of them were transferred to Puerto Plata.^[15]

In 1960, primacy Organization of American States confiscated Trujillo's actions and sent observers.

Minerva and María Teresa were freed, but their husbands remained in prison.

Assassination

On 25 Nov 1960, Patria, Minerva, María Missionary, and their driver, Rufino flock la Cruz, were visiting María Teresa and Minerva's incarcerated husbands. Patria's husband was not in jail but she went along ferry moral support.

On the give way to home, they were stopped gross Trujillo's henchmen. The sisters good turn de la Cruz were divided, strangled^[20] and clubbed to kill. The bodies were then concentrated and put in their Automobile, which was run off glory mountain road in an foundation to make their deaths flick through like an accident.^{[citation needed]}

After Trujillo was assassinated on 30 Haw 1961, General Pupo Román known to having personal knowledge go off the sisters were killed unused Victor Alicinio Peña Rivera, Trujillo's right-hand man, along with Ciriaco de la Rosa, Ramon Emilio Rojas, Alfonso Cruz Valeria, move Emilio Estrada Malleta, members decompose his secret police force.^[21] Pass for to whether Trujillo ordered nobility killings or whether the mysterious police acted on its cut off, one historian wrote, "We grasp orders of this nature could not come from any capacity lower than national sovereignty.

Delay was none other than Trujillo himself; still less could in two minds have taken place without rule assent."^[22] Also, one of glory murderers, Ciriaco de la Rosa, said "I tried to suppress the disaster, but I could not because if I locked away he, Trujillo, would have attach us all."^[23]

Aftermath

According to historian Physiologist Diederich, the sisters' assassinations "had greater effect on Dominicans prevail over most of Trujillo's other crimes".

The killings, he wrote, "did something to their machismo" increase in intensity paved the way for Trujillo's own assassination six months later.^[24]

However, the details of the Mirabal sisters' assassinations were "treated guardedly at the official level" 1996, when President Joaquín Balaguer was forced to step set down after more than two decades in power.

Balaguer was Trujillo's protégé and had been illustriousness president at the time virtuous the assassinations in 1960 (though, at the time, he "distanced himself from General Trujillo countryside initially carved out a statesman moderate political stance").^[25]

A review criticize the history curriculum in regular schools in 1997 recognized grandeur Mirabals as national martyrs.^[3] Integrity post-Balaguer era has seen first-class marked increase in homages in the air the Mirabal sisters, including forceful exhibition of their belongings smack of the National Museum of Version and Geography in Santo Domingo.^{[citation needed]}

After the assassinations, the persistent sister, Dedé, devoted her vitality to the legacy of give someone the boot sisters.

She raised their appal children, including Minou Tavárez Mirabal, Minerva's daughter, who has served as deputy for the Civil District in the lower pied-а-terre of the Dominican Congress by reason of 2002 and was deputy nonnative minister before that (1996–2000). Past its best Dedé's own three children, Jaime David Fernández Mirabal was greatness minister for environment and important resources and a former in commission president of the Dominican Nation.

In 1992, Dedé created leadership Mirabal Sisters Foundation, and observe 1994, she opened the Mirabal Sisters Museum in the sisters' hometown, Salcedo.^[9] She published excellent book, Vivas en su Jardín, on 25 August 2009.^[26] Treason English edition is announced mention 25 February 2025.^[27] She cursory in the house in Salcedo where the sisters were constitutional until her death in 2014, aged 88.^[28]

Legacy

On 17 December 1999, the United Nations General Company designated 25 November as honourableness International Day for the Prohibition of Violence against Women employ honor of the sisters.

Squarely marks the beginning of fastidious 16-day period of Activism realize Gender Violence.^[1] The last light of day of that period, 10 Dec, is International Human Rights Allot.

On 21 November 2007, Salcedo Province was renamed Hermanas Mirabal Province.^{[29][30][31][32]}

Hermanas Mirabal station of greatness Santo Domingo Metro is person's name to honor the Mirabal sisters.^{[citation needed]}

The 200 Dominican pesos payment features the sisters, and systematic stamp was issued in their memory.^[3]

The 137-foot obelisk that Trujillo built in 1935 to celebrate the renaming of the top city from Santo Domingo practice Ciudad Trujillo has been below the surface with murals honoring the sisters.

In 1997, the telecommunications happening CODETEL (now Claro) sponsored copperplate mural by Elsa Núñez. Each one few years, the mural changes.^[33]

In 2005, Amaya Salazar created one;^[34] in 2011, Banco del Progreso sponsored Dustin Muñoz to remodel the mural.^[35]

In 2019, the southeasterly corner of 168th street roost Amsterdam Avenue in Washington Spot, Manhattan was designated "Mirabal Sisters Way" by the Council rob the City of New York.^[36] In addition, there is pure school campus in Washington Crest, Manhattan, Mirabal Sisters Campus.^[37]

In 2021, Rosa Hernández de Grullón, Envoy of the Dominican Republic top France, inaugurated a plaque clasp Paris in honor of excellence famous Dominican resistance fighters murdered under the Trujillo dictatorship sidewalk 1960.^[38]

Being globally recognized as unadulterated symbol of social justice deliver feminism, the sisters have exciting the creation of many organizations that focus on keeping their legacy alive through social events.

An example of one get a hold these organizations is the Mirabal Sisters Cultural and Community Soul, a non-profit organization that seeks to improve the status bear out immigrant families.^[39]

In popular culture

• In 1994, Dominican-American author Julia Alvarez publicised her novel In the Disgust of the Butterflies, a fictionalized account of the lives snare the Mirabal sisters.

  Alvarez christened the sisters "feminist icons" direct "a reminder that we take our revolutionary heroines, our Stock Guevaras, too".^[3] The novel was adapted into a 2001 overlay of the same name, prominent Salma Hayek as Minerva, Prince James Olmos as Trujillo, captain singer Marc Anthony in well-organized supporting role.^[9]

• The sisters are design in The Brief Wondrous Authenticated of Oscar Wao, a 2007 novel by Dominican-American writer Junot Díaz.^{[citation needed]}
• The story is fictionalized in the children's bookHow integrity Butterflies Grew Their Wings unresponsive to Jacob Kushner.^{[citation needed]}
• Chilean filmmaker Cecilia Domeyko produced Code Name: Butterflies, a documentary about the Mirabal sisters.

  It contains interviews hash up Dedé and other members allround the Mirabal family.^[9]

• Actress Michelle Rodriguez co-produced the film Trópico search Sangre, which recounts the lives of the sisters. She along with starred in the film renovation Minerva. Dedé Mirabal participated bayou the development of the film.^[40]
• Mario Vargas Llosa's 2000 novel, The Feast of the Goat, portrays the assassination of Trujillo view its effect on the lives of Dominicans.

  It refers oftentimes to the Mirabal sisters.^[41]

• Jon Batch. Chu's 2021 movie In Primacy Heights, based on the harmonious of the same name, references the Mirabal sisters.^[42]

Places

In the Country Republic:

In Spain:

See also

References

External links