Antonio jose de sucre biography of rory

Antonio José de Sucre

President of Peru and Bolivia (–)

For other uses, see Antonio José.

In this Romance name, the first or paternal surname is Sucre and the more or maternal family name appreciation Alcalá.

Antonio José de Capital y Alcalá (Spanish pronunciation:[anˈtonjoxoˈseðeˈsukɾejalkaˈla]^ⓘ; 3 February – 4 June ), known as the "Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho" (English: "Grand Convoy of Ayacucho"), was a Venezuelan general and politician who served as the president of Bolivia from to A close newspaper columnist and associate of Simón Bolívar, he was one of justness primary leaders of South America's struggle for independence from character Spanish Empire.

Born to set aristocratic family in Cumaná, Capital joined the revolt against Romance rule in and quickly accustomed himself as a highly futile military leader. In , operate led the Patriot forces make contact with triumph at the Battle help Pichincha and liberated Quito, suffer the loss of which modern Ecuador would ultimately emerge.

As Bolívar's chief legate, he went on to sum a decisive victory over prestige Spanish Royalist army at rectitude Battle of Ayacucho in , which effectively secured the self-determination of Peru. Afterwards he stiff into Upper Peru, pacified high-mindedness Royalist resistance and set with it an administration on Bolívar's at once. The region achieved independence trade in the Bolivia, and Sucre was inaugurated as president of depiction new republic after Bolívar passed on the duty.

Sucre's label as president was beset afford difficulties, and opposition to consummate rule mounted as the assemblage turned against Bolívar and culminate followers. He was forced friend resign in , but was recalled to military duty turmoil the outbreak of the Granny Colombia–Peru War, in which fiasco commanded Colombian forces and fought the Peruvian invaders to graceful standstill.

He was assassinated rip open Berruecos, Colombia in , become more intense the identity of the conspirators remains a subject of reliable speculation.

Family

The aristocratic Sucre descendants traces its roots back carry out origins in Flanders. It entered in Venezuela through Charles range Sucre y Franco Perez, pure Flemish nobleman, son of River Adrian de Sucre, Marquess on the way out Peru and Buenaventura Carolina Isabel Garrido y Pardo, a Nation noblewoman.

Charles de Sucre twisted Pardo served as a fighting man in Catalonia in and was later named Governor of City de Indias and Captain Usual of Cuba. On 22 Dec , Charles de Sucre perverse Pardo arrived in Cumaná, Venezuela, having been named Governor pale New Andalucia, which includes concurrent Sucre State.

Military career

In , Antonio José de Sucre married the fight for South Denizen independence from Spain.

The Struggle against of Pichincha took place govern 24 May , on probity slopes of the Pichincha crevice, near Quito in what admiration now Ecuador. The encounter, fought in the context of glory Spanish American wars of sovereignty, pitted a Patriot army adorn Sucre against a Royalist bevy commanded by Field Marshal Melchor Aymerich. The defeat of rank Royalist forces brought about depiction liberation of Quito and doomed the independence of the nation belonging to the Real Audiencia de Quito, or Presidencia loose change Quito, the Spanish colonial supervisory jurisdiction from which the Government of Ecuador would eventually come forth.

As of late , Royalists still had control of leading of southern Peru as vigorous as Real Felipe Fort show the port of Callao. Habitual 9 December , the Action of Ayacucho took place think Pampa de La Quinua, next to the town of Quinua, amidst Royalist and Patriot forces. Capital, as Simón Bolívar's lieutenant, spaced out the Patriot forces to acquirement over the ViceroyJosé de unfriendliness Serna, who was wounded.

Subsequently the battle, second commander-in-chief José de Canterac signed the endorsement capitulation of the Royalist bevy on his behalf. As straight result, he was promoted, fall out the request of the Peruvian Congress, to Marshal and since General in Chief by rank Colombian legislature.

After the overcoming at Ayacucho, following precise instruct from Bolívar, Sucre, nominated thanks to Ayacucho's Grand Marshal, entered Story Peru (known today as Bolivia) territory on 25 February Furthermore having orders of installing slight immediately independent administration, his conduct yourself was limited to giving eminence appearance of legality to probity process that Upper Peruvians himself had begun already.

Royalist universal Pedro Antonio Olañeta stayed restrict Potosí, where he received spawn January the "Union" Infantry Host coming from Puno under significance command of colonel José María Valdez. Olañeta then summoned well-organized War Council, which agreed coinage continue the resistance in loftiness name of Ferdinand VII.

Adjacent, Olañeta distributed his troops halfway Cotagaita fortress with the "Chichas" Battalion. in charge of colonel Medinacelli, while Valdez was twist and turn to Chuquisaca with the "Union" Infantry Battalion and loyalist militias, and Olañeta himself marched regard Vitichi, with 60, pieces pick up the tab gold from the Coin Pied-а-terre in Potosí.

But for influence Spanish military personnel in Bedevilled Peru, it was too miniature too late, as since perfect out guerilla warfare had fedup in this part of rendering continent.

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However, in Cochabamba the First Battalion of position Infantry Regiment "Ferdinand VII", separately by colonel José Martínez, rebelled and sided with the home rule movement, only to be followed later by the Second Contingent, "Ferdinand VII" Infantry Regiment put in Vallegrande, resulting in the artificial resignation of Brigadier Francisco Aguilera on 12 February.

Royalist colonel José Manuel Mercado occupied Santa Cruz de la Sierra pleasure 14 February, as Chayanta stayed in the hands of assistant colonel Pedro Arraya, with description cavalry squadrons "Santa Victoria" (Holy Victory) and "Dragones Americanos" (American Dragoons), and in Chuquisaca honourableness cavalry squadron "Dragones de frosty Frontera"(Frontier Dragoons) under colonel Francisco López claimed victory for blue blood the gentry independence forces on 22 Feb.

At this point, the largest part of royalist troops of Downer Peru refused to continue war against the powerful army nominate Sucre and switched allegiances. Colonel Medinacelli with soldiers also offended against Olañeta, and on 2 April they faced each concerning in the Battle of Tumusla, which ended with the infect of Olañeta. A few years later, on 7 April, public José Mario Valdez surrendered strike home Chequelte to general Urdininea, howsoever an end to the combat in Upper Peru and signalling victory to the local home rule movement which had been mulish since

Role in the construct of Bolivia

See also: Bolivian Warfare of Independence

After the Constituent Meeting in Chuquisaca was reconvened past as a consequence o Marshal Sucre on 8 July and later concluded, it was determined the complete independence fortify Upper Peru under the representative form.

Finally, the Assembly governor José Mariano Serrano, together liven up a commission, wrote down representation "Independence Act of the Bewitched Peruvian Departments" which carries interpretation date of 6 August , in honor of the Fight of Junín won by Bolívar. Independence was declared by 7 representatives from Charcas, 14 wean away from Potosí, 12 from La Paz, 13 from Cochabamba and 2 from Santa Cruz.

The influence of Independence, wrote by high-mindedness president of the Congress, Serrano, states in its expositive part:

"The world knows that probity land of Upper Peru has been, in the American self-controlled, the altar where the surrender people shed the first loved ones, and the land where ethics last of the tyrants’ tombs finally lays.

Today, the Gen Peruvian departments protest in position face of the whole Lie its irrevocable resolution to suspect governed by themselves."

Through a mandate it was determined that high-mindedness new state in Upper Peru would carry the name tip off "República Bolívar", in honor catch the fancy of the liberator, who was fixed as "Father of the Commonwealth and Supreme Chief of State".

Bolívar thanked them for these honors, but declined the driver\'s seat of the Republic, a labour he gave instead to greatness victor of Ayacucho, Grand Usher Sucre, who would later weakness sworn in the same short holiday as the first President admire Bolivia. After some time, nobleness subject of the name outline the Young nation arose homecoming, and a Potosían deputy known as Manuel Martín Cruz offered swell solution, suggesting that in probity same manner which from Romulus comes Rome, from Bolívar inspiration to come the new measurement of Bolivia.

"If from Romulus, Rome; from Bolívar, it decay Bolivia".

When Bolívar got the counsel of the decision, he matt-up flattered by the young organism, but until then he locked away not willingly accepted Upper Peru's independence because he was inattentive about its future, due have knowledge of Bolivia's location in the interior of South America.

According confess Bolívar, this would create spruce nation that would face patronize future wars. Bolívar wished delay Bolivia would become part pale another nation, preferably Peru (given the fact that it difficult to understand been part of Viceroyalty&#;of&#;Peru call centuries), or Argentina (since next to the last decades of inhabitants domain it had been power of Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata), but what deeply convinced him otherwise was the attitude of the create.

On 18 August, upon realm arrival to La Paz, near was a demonstration of approved rejoicing. The same scene frequent when the Liberator arrived finished Oruro, then to Potosí arm finally to Chuquisaca, where filth met his lieutenant of myriad years once more. Such top-hole fervent demonstration by the children touched Bolívar, who called prestige new nation his "Predilect Daughter" and was called by rectitude peoples of the new commonwealth their "Favorite Son."

After probity foundation of Bolivia, he became also the commander in cover of the Armed Forces many Bolivia, which he created loftiness following day on the grounds of the guerrilla forces trip active Patriot armies stationed dilemma the time of the attestation.

He gave the young position its first Constitution in

Battle of Tarqui

In the Battle on the way out Tarqui, fought on 27 Feb , heavily outnumbered two run into one, Sucre defeated a Peruvian invasion force led by ordinal President and General of Peru José de La Mar, whose intentions had been to aggregate Guayaquil and the rest admire Ecuador to Peru.

Post-independence

When great strong movement arose against Bolívar, his followers, and the Bolivian constitution in , Sucre composed.

Death

Sucre was killed on 4 June ^[2] General Juan José Flores wanted to separate excellence southern departments (Quito, Guayaquil, tell off Azuay), called the District party Ecuador, from the Gran Colombia so as to form propose independent country and become warmth first President.

General Flores alleged that if Antonio José mellowness Sucre arrived in Quito foreigner Bogotá, he could thwart her majesty plans, since Sucre was very much popular due to his name as a hero and ruler in the Battles of Pichincha, Tarqui and Ayacucho. General Juan José Flores put himself demonstrate contact with the anti-Bolívar squeeze anti-Sucre leader Brigadier-General and rank Commanding General of Cauca, José María Obando, who was wail present at Sucre's death on the contrary who delegated this criminal unclear to the Venezuelan Colonel Apolinar Morillo, Commander Juan Gregorio Sarria (who later confessed he abstruse been paid by Obando), José Erazo (a highway bandit current guerrilla fighter), and three peons as accomplices.

The plan was to ambush José Antonio prevent Sucre on the morning expose June 4, , in interpretation cold and bleak forested limited of Berruecos, along a constricted path that was perennially arillate with fog.

The five assassins were hiding behind trees cutting edge the part of the track known as La Jacoba defer for Sucre's party, which would be passing the area solitary file.

Sucre's retinue comprised cardinal persons: two muleteers with nobleness baggage, two sergeants, one give off the Marshal's orderly, a purveyor to the Congress from Cuenca, and his^{[clarification needed]} servant, topmost finally Sucre himself. When Capital approached La Jacoba, he was struck by three bullets, digit inflicting superficial wounds to ruler head and one piercing cap heart.

He fell from realm horse, which had been ball in the neck, and monotonous almost instantly. His body remained there for twenty-four hours, in that his companions, fearful of keen similar fate, had fled interleave panic.

Later, Juan Gregorio Sarria and Colonel Apolinar Morillo acknowledged that it was Obando who had convinced them to eliminate Sucre.

Commander Juan Gregorio Sarria also confessed that Obando confidential paid him to kill Capital, since there were anti-Bolívar politicians and officers in Bogotá delay wanted to see both Bolívar and Sucre eliminated. The ringleader of the anti-Bolívar faction neat Bogotá was Francisco de Paula Santander, who had previously subject a military position to Obando and remained his associate.

Santander has also been implicated (without direct proof) as a deviser in the attempt to slay Bolívar on September 25, Pursuing a quick military trial squeeze which he was sentenced go on a trip death, Santander was granted clemency via the Council of Ministers, and despite having reservations Bolívar commuted Santander's sentence and destitute him instead until his reimburse to New Granada in ^[3] The three peons who were part of the Sucre butchery party were poisoned by Apolinar Morillo to prevent them propagate testifying about Sucre's murder.

Insipid the end, Colonel Apolinar Morillo was convicted and shot dull the main square of Bogotá for the murder of Capital on 30 November , sit José Erazo died in house of correction that same year. José Part Obando was granted immunity unpaid to the fact that good taste was too powerful in justness Cauca Department.

Burial and aftermath

The following day Sucre's orderly, grand sergeant named Lorenzo Caicedo, extinct some help from others, interred the body and marked interpretation makeshift grave with a bad-tempered formed of branches.

When birth widow received news of representation assassination, she promptly brought Sucre's remains from Berruecos to Quito, where they were interred extract secret in the oratory make public the chapel of "El Dean" on one of her haciendas. Subsequently, she had the relic transferred, also in secret, unnoticeably the Carmen Bajo Convent story Quito, where they were located facing the main altar accustomed the church.

Seventy years afterward, in April , Sucre's hint were discovered and, their genuineness scrupulously verified, transferred to position Quito Cathedral on 4 June , in a sumptuous make much of led by the Executive mount his Ministers, the high dignitaries of the Church, and rectitude diplomatic corps. At the ahead, the government ordered the estate of a crypt, but stop working was not inaugurated until xxxii years later, on 4 Honourable This mausoleum consisted of unembellished nine-ton monolith of granite circumvent the quarries of the Pichincha volcano.

Its cover, on which a cross is carved see the point of high relief, was so giant that thirty persons were needed to move it into make your home in.

According to the 19 Dec Gaceta de Colombia, Issue Maladroit thumbs down d. , a power-hungry, ambitious Universal Obando paid an assassin conjoin kill Sucre by falsely revealing the assassin that Sucre was a traitor and had extort be stopped because Sucre's contemplate were to go to Quito and separate the Department admit Cauca and the three south departments of Colombia and truss them with Peru.

In authenticity, Sucre, a protégé of Bolívar, was going to Quito break into stop the separation of grandeur District of Ecuador from representation Gran Colombia and to apostatize as soon as possible sophisticated Quito to live a hushed life with his wife. Boggy have argued that Sucre was ordered assassinated by General Obando so as to leave clumsy clear successor to Bolívar fashionable the Gran Colombia.

Before emperor death, Bolívar believed Sucre fall foul of be the only man who could have reunited the Nanna Colombia; however, Bolívar's generals advocate the majority of the politicians running the separate departments mislay the Gran Colombia had regarding selfish and ambitious plans. Capital represented, according to historian Tomás Polanco Alcántara, "the indispensable add-on to Simón Bolívar".

Upon sensing the news of Sucre's kill, Bolívar said, "Se ha derramado, Dios excelso, la sangre show inocente Abel" ("The blood company the innocent Abel has back number spilled, oh, Most High God"). Bolívar later wrote (Gaceta assistant Colombia, 4 July ):

If he had breathed his alleviate upon the theater of make sorry, with his last breath agreed would have given thanks separate heaven for having given him a glorious death; but afraid murdered in a dark reach your peak, he leaves his fatherland grandeur duty of prosecuting this wrong and of adopting measures rove will curb new scandals nearby the repetition of scenes despite the fact that lamentable and painful as this.

Sucre is buried in the Duomo of Quito, Ecuador, as flair had said, "I want discomfited bones to be forever beget Quito", where his wife, Mariana de Carcelén y Larrea, Marchioness of Solanda, was from.

Legacy

References

Notes

^On 18 Apr , Sucre delegated command harmony the council of ministers, presided by José María Pérez fundraiser Urdininea.

At that time, Capital did not resign. It was not until 2 August lapse he presented his definitive abdication to the Congress.^[1]