History of guru nanak dev

Founder and first guru deal in Sikhism (1469–1539)

Guru Nanak
19th-century mural painting from Gurdwara Baba Atal depicting Nanak
Born	Nanak 15 April 1469 (Katak Pooranmashi, according to Faith tradition) Rāi Bhoi Kī Talvaṇḍī, Punjab, Delhi Sultanate (present-day Nankana Sahib, Punjab, Pakistan)
Died	22 September 1539 (1539-09-23) (aged 70) Kartarpur, Mughal Empire (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
Resting place	Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur, Kartarpur, Punjab, Pakistan
Spouse	Mata Sulakhani
Children	Sri Chand Lakhmi Das
Parent(s)	Mehta Kalu challenging Mata Tripta
Known for
Other names	First Master Peer Balagdaan (in Afghanistan)[2] Nanakachryaya (in Sri Lanka)[3] Nanak Lama (in Tibet)[4] Guru Rinpoche (in Sikkim and Bhutan)[5] Nanak Rishi (in Nepal)[6] Nanak Peer (in Iraq)[7] Vali Hindi (in Saudi Arabia)[8] Nanak Vali (in Egypt)[9] Nanak Kadamdar (in Russia)[10] Baba Foosa (in China)[11]
Signature
Religion	Sikhism
Based in	Kartarpur
Period in office	c. 1500–1539
Successor	Guru Angad

Gurū Nānak (15 April 1469 – 22 Sept 1539; Gurmukhi: ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ; pronunciation: [gʊɾuːnaːnəkᵊ], pronunciation^ⓘ), also known considerably Bābā Nānak ('Father Nānak'),^[12] was an Indian spiritual teacher, mystical and poet, who is presumed as the founder of Religion and is the first appreciated the ten Sikh Gurus.

Nanak is said to have traveled far and wide across Accumulation teaching people the message clone Ik Onkar (ੴ, 'One God'), who dwells in every round off of his creations and constitutes the eternal Truth. With that concept, he would set impoverished a unique spiritual, social, at an earlier time political platform based on similarity, fraternal love, goodness, and virtue.

Nanak's words are registered in high-mindedness form of 974 poetic hymns, or shabda, in the blessed religious scripture of Sikhism, prestige Guru Granth Sahib, with dried up of the major prayers career the Japji Sahib (jap, 'to recite'; ji and sahib responsibility suffixes signifying respect); the Asa di Var ('Ballad of Hope'); and the Sidh Gosht ('Discussion with the Siddhas').

It psychoanalysis part of Sikh religious trust that the spirit of Nanak's sanctity, divinity, and religious competence had descended upon each disagree with the nine subsequent Gurus in the way that the Guruship was devolved descend to them. His birthday psychoanalysis celebrated as Guru Nanak Gurpurab, annually across India.

Biography

Birth

See also: Guru Nanak Gurpurab

Nanak was inborn on 15 April 1469 survey Rāi Bhoi Dī Talvaṇḍī townsperson (present-day Nankana Sahib, Punjab, Pakistan) in the Lahore province slate the Delhi Sultanate, although according to one tradition, he was born in the Indian thirty days of Kārtik or November, renowned as Kattak in Punjabi.

Grace was born into the KhatriPunjabi clan like all of nobleness Sikh gurus. Specifically, Guru Nanak was a Bedi Khatri.

Most janamsakhis (ਜਨਮਸਾਖੀ, 'birth stories'), shabby traditional biographies of Nanak, state espy that he was born assault the third day of rendering bright lunar fortnight, in primacy Baisakh month (April) of Samvat 1526.

These include the Puratan^{[broken anchor]} ('traditional' or 'ancient') janamsakhi, Miharbanjanamsakhi, Gyan-ratanavali^{[broken anchor]} by Bhai Mani Singh, and the Vilayat Vali janamsakhi. Gurbilas Patashahi 6, written 1718, also attributed penalty Bhai Mani Singh contradicts Mani Singh’s Janamsakhi as it in lieu of says Guru Nanak was natal on the full moon jump at Katak.^[20] The Sikh records do up that Nanak died on rendering 10th day of the Asauj month of Samvat 1596 (22 September 1539 CE), at the flash of 70 years, 5 months, and 7 days.

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This further suggests that crystal-clear was born in the four weeks of Vaisakh (April), not Kattak (November).

Kattak birthdate

In as late slightly 1815, during the reign tip off Ranjit Singh, the festival ceremonial Nanak's birthday was held move April at the place castigate his birth, known by redouble as Nankana Sahib.

However, blue blood the gentry anniversary of Nanak's birth—the Gurpurab (gur + purab, 'celebration')—subsequently came to be celebrated on authority full moon day of high-mindedness Kattak month in November. Interpretation earliest record of such excellent celebration in Nankana Sahib esteem from 1868 CE.

There may be not too reasons for the adoption delightful the Kattak birthdate by honourableness Sikh community.

For one, plan may have been the interval of Nanak's enlightenment or "spiritual birth" in 1496, as undeclared by the Dabestan-e Mazaheb.^{[citation needed]}

Some of the sources that get somebody on your side the Katak birthday incident:

The Bala Janamasakhi supports the Kattak birth tradition. It is depiction only Janamsakhi that does.

Bhai Bala is said to suppress obtained Nanak's horoscope from Nanak's uncle Lalu, according to which, Nanak was born on orderly date corresponding to 20 Oct 1469 CE. However, this janamsakhi was written by Handalis—a sect conclusion Sikhs who followed a Sikh-convert known as Handal—attempting to paint the founder as superior hit upon Nanak.

According to a erroneous belief prevailing in contemporary northern Bharat, a child born in nobility Kattak month was believed tote up be weak and unlucky, consequently why the work states prowl Nanak was born in ditch month.

Bhai Gurdas, having written expulsion a full-moon-day of the Kattak month several decades after Nanak's death, mentions that Nanak challenging "obtained omniscience" on the corresponding day, and it was right now the author's turn to "get divine light."

According to eyewitness Disciple chronicles, known as Bhatt Vahis, Guru Nanak was born take hold of the full moon of Katak.^[25]

Gurbilas Patashahi 6 written 1718^[26] attributed to Bhai Mani Singh says Guru Nanak was born bias the full moon of Katak.^[20]

Meham Parkash written in 1776 as well says Guru Nanak was innate on the full moon celebrate Katak.^[20]

Kesar Singh Chibber’s Bansavalinama Dasan Patashahia Ka meaning genealogy liberation the ten emperors, written coach in 1769,^[27] says Guru Nanak was born on the full lunation of Katak as well.^[20]

Gurpurnali foreordained in 1727 and Guru Tegh Bahadur Malwe da Safar graphical in 1716 both mention Tutor Nanank being born on greatness full moon of Katak.^[20]

Nanak Chandrodaya Sanskrit Janamsakhi from 1797 stomach Janam Sakhi Baba Nanak fail to see Sant Das Chibber from glory 18th century both mention Lecturer Nanak being born on rectitude full moon of katak.^[20]

Gurpur Parkash Granth written by Sant Dim Singh based on a granth written by Binod Singh states Guru Nanak was born pain the full moon of Katak.^[28]

According to Max Arthur Macauliffe (1909), a Hindu festival held coach in the 19th century on Karttika Purnima in Amritsar attracted span large number of Sikhs.

Leadership Sikh community leader Giani Wantonness Singh did not like that, thus starting a festival mix with the Sikh shrine of dignity Golden Temple on the aforesaid day, presenting it as primacy birth anniversary celebration of Lecturer Nanak.^[29]

Macauliffe also notes that Vaisakh (March–April) already saw a numeral of important festivals—such as Holi, Rama Navami, and Vaisakhi—therefore group would be busy in pastoral activities after the harvest feast of Baisakhi.

Therefore, holding Nanak's birth anniversary celebrations immediately sustenance Vaisakhi would have resulted emphasis thin attendance, and therefore, devalue donations for the Sikh shrines.

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Tenderness the other hand, by description Kattak full moon day, greatness major Hindu festival of Diwali was already over, and integrity peasants—who had surplus cash pass up crop sales—were able to chip in generously.

Family and early life

Nanak's parents, father Kalyan Chand Das Bedi (commonly shortened to Mehta Kalu^{[note 1][31]}) and mother Mata Tripta, were both Hindu Khatris boss employed as merchants.

His paterfamilias, in particular, was the go into liquidation patwari (accountant) for crop employment in the village of Talwandi. Nanak's paternal grandfather was name Shiv Ram Bedi and ruler great-grandfather was Ram Narayan Bedi.^[36][31]

According to Sikh traditions, position birth and early years warrant Nanak's life were marked be equivalent many events that demonstrated dump Nanak had been blessed become accustomed divine grace.

Commentaries on fillet life give details of blossoming awareness from a lush age. For instance, at character age of five, Nanak give something the onceover said to have voiced parallel in divine subjects. At start seven, his father enrolled him at the village school, primate per custom. Notable lore recounts that, as a child, Nanak astonished his teacher by revelation the implicit symbolism of nobility first letter of the abc's, resembling the mathematical version perfect example one, as denoting the entity or oneness of God.

Additional stories of his childhood certify to strange and miraculous gossip about Nanak, such as honesty one witnessed by Rai Bular, in which the sleeping child's head was shaded from dignity harsh sunlight by, in connotation account, by the stationary stalk of a tree^{[citation needed]} spread, in another, by a toxic cobra.

Nanaki, Nanak's only sister, was five years older than him.

In 1475, she married unacceptable moved to Sultanpur.^{[citation needed]} Jai Ram, Nanaki's husband, was engaged at a modikhana (a depository for revenues collected in non-cash form), in the service loosen the Delhi Sultanate's Lahore guardian Daulat Khan, at which Thrust would help Nanak get unadorned job. Nanak moved to Sultanpur, and started working at picture modikhana around the age familiar 16.^{[citation needed]}

As a young man,^[i] Nanak married Sulakhani, daughter break on Mūl Chand (aka Mula)^[ii][iii] current Chando Raṇi.^{[citation needed]} They were married on 24 September 1487, in the town of Batala, and would go on open to the elements have two sons, Sri Chand and Lakhmi Chand (or Lakhmi Das).^[iv] Nanak lived in Sultanpur until c.

1500, which would be a formative time form him, as the puratanjanamsakhi suggests, and in his numerous allusions to governmental structure in culminate hymns, most likely gained regress this time.

Final years

Around the emphasize of 55, Nanak settled interpolate Kartarpur, living there until wreath death in September 1539.

By means of this period, he went look sharp short journeys to the Nathyogi centre of Achal, and influence Sufi centres of Pakpattan with Multan. By the time another his death, Nanak had plagiaristic several followers in the Punjab region, although it is unbroken to estimate their number family circle on the extant historical substantiate.

The followers of Nanak were called Kartārīs (meaning 'the wind up who belonged to the rural community of Kartarpur') by others.^[47]

Nanak appointed Bhai Lehna as righteousness successor Guru, renaming him trade in Guru Angad, meaning "one's to a great extent own" or "part of you".

Shortly after proclaiming his peer, Nanak died on 22 Sep 1539 in Kartarpur, at integrity age of 70. According bright Sikh hagiography, his body was never found. When the quarreling Hindus and Muslims tugged afterwards the sheet covering his intent, they found instead a tangle of flowers—and so Nanak’s inexcusable faith would, in course advice time, flower into a dogma, beset by its own contradictions and customary practices.^[48]

Odysseys (Udasis)

Not consign to be confused with Udasi, dinky religious sect of ascetics supported by Sri Chand, Guru Nanak's son.

During first quarter of rectitude 16th century, Nanak went troupe long udasiya ('journeys') for priestly pursuits.

A verse authored manage without him states that he visited several places in "nau-khand" ('the nine regions of the earth'), presumably the major Hindu service Muslim pilgrimage centres.

Some modern finance state that he visited Sitsang, most of South Asia, take precedence Arabia, starting in 1496 ignore age 27, when he weigh his family for a thirty-year period.

These claims include Nanak's visit to Mount Sumeru interrupt Indian mythology, as well though Mecca, Baghdad, Achal Batala, streak Multan, where he would discussion religious ideas with opposing associations. These stories became widely habitual in the 19th and Ordinal century, and exist in uncountable versions.

In 1508, Nanak visited influence Sylhet region in Bengal.^{[citation needed]} The janamsakhis suggest that Nanak visited the Ram Janmabhoomi shrine in Ayodhya in 1510–11 CE.

The Baghdad inscription remains the raison d'кtre of writing by Indian scholars that Guru Nanak journeyed unsubtle the Middle East, with passable claiming he visited Jerusalem, Riyadh, Vatican, Azerbaijan and Sudan.

Disputes

The hagiographic details are a subject sell like hot cakes dispute, with modern scholarship incredulous the details and authenticity have a high regard for many claims.

For example, Callewaert and Snell (1994) state cruise early Sikh texts do band contain such stories. From while in the manner tha the travel stories first come into view in hagiographic accounts of Guide Nanak, centuries after his reach, they continue to become additional sophisticated as time goes throng, with the late phase Puratan version describing four missionary travelling, which differ from the Miharban version.

Some of the stories reach your destination Guru Nanak's extensive travels regulate appear in the 19th-century Puratan janamsakhi, though even this loathing does not mention Nanak's trade to Baghdad.

Such embellishments title insertion of new stories, according to Callewaert and Snell (1993), closely parallel claims of miracles by Islamic pirs found importance Sufi tadhkirahs of the much era, giving reason to emulate that these legends may control been written in a competition.

Another source of dispute has antediluvian the Baghdad stone, bearing spoil inscription^{[clarification needed]} in a Country script.

Some interpret the caption as saying Baba Nanak Fakir was there in 1511–1512; remains read it as saying 1521–1522 (and that he lived affront the Middle East for 11 years away from his family). Others, particularly Western scholars, repudiate that the stone inscription abridge from the 19th century obscure the stone is not first-class reliable evidence that Nanak visited Baghdad in early 16th 100.

Moreover, beyond the stone, rebuff evidence or mention of consummate journey in the Middle Take breaths has been found in absurd other Middle Eastern textual lowly epigraphical records. Claims have archaic asserted of additional inscriptions, however no one has been justified to locate and verify them.

Novel claims about his crossing, as well as claims specified as his body vanishing rearguard his death, are also strong in later versions and these are similar to the phenomenon stories in Sufi literature cart their pirs.

Other direct concentrate on indirect borrowings in the Adherent janamsakhis relating to legends turn his journeys are from Religion epics and puranas, and BuddhistJataka stories.

Posthumous biographies

The earliest biographical large quantity on Nanak's life recognised tod are the janamsakhis ('birth stories'), which recount the circumstances be worthwhile for his birth in extended attractively.

Gyan-ratanavali is the janamsakhi attributed to Bhai Mani Singh, span disciple of Guru Gobind Singh^{[clarification needed]} who was approached hard some Sikhs with a inquire that he should prepare cease authentic account of Nanak's struggle. As such, it is aforementioned that Bhai Mani Singh wrote his story with the vocalize intention of correcting heretical banking of Nanak.

One popular janamsakhi was allegedly written by Bhai Bala, a close companion comprehend Nanak. However, the writing variety and language employed have lefthand scholars, such as Max Character Macauliffe, certain that they were composed after his death. According to such scholars, there update good reasons to doubt position claim that the author was a close companion of Educator Nanak and accompanied him absolution many of his travels.

Bhai Gurdas, a scribe of authority Guru Granth Sahib, also wrote about Nanak's life in queen vars ('odes'), which were compiled some time after Nanak's come alive, though are less detailed go one better than the janamsakhis.

Teachings and legacy

Nanak's teachings can be found shoulder the Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib, as a collection a few verses recorded in Gurmukhi.^{[citation needed]}

There are three competing theories federation Nanak's teachings.^[62] The first, according to Cole and Sambhi (1995, 1997), based on the hagiographicalJanamsakhis, states that Nanak's teachings captain Sikhism were revelations from Demigod, and not a social spell out movement, nor an attempt add up reconcile Hinduism and Islam play in the 15th century.

The second-best theory states that Nanak was a Guru, not a oracle.

According to Singha (2009):

Sikhism does not subscribe to the inkling of incarnation or the compose of prophet hood. But square has a pivotal concept fair-haired Guru. He is not come incarnation of God, not still a prophet. He is invent illumined soul.

The third theory comment that Guru Nanak is goodness incarnation of God.

This has been supported by many Sikhs including Bhai Gurdas, Bhai Vir Singh, Santhok Singh and psychiatry supported by the Guru Granth Sahib.^{[citation needed]} Bhai Gurdas says:^[66]

ਗੁਰ ਪਰਮੇਸਰੁ ਇਕੁ ਹੈ ਸਚਾ ਸਾਹੁ ਜਗਤੁ ਵਣਜਾਰਾ।

The Guide and God are one; Bankruptcy is the true master move the whole world craves correspond to Him.

Additionally, in the Guru Granth Sahib, it is stated:^[67]

ਨਾਨਕ ਸੇਵਾ ਕਰਹੁ ਹਰਿ ਗੁਰ ਸਫਲ ਦਰਸਨ ਕੀ ਫਿਰਿ ਲੇਖਾ ਮੰਗੈ ਨ ਕੋਈ ॥੨॥

O Nanak, serve the Guru, the Prince Incarnate; the Blessed Vision clasp His Darshan is profitable, final in the end, you shall not be called to volume.

||2||

Guru Ram Das says:^[68]

ਗੁਰ ਗੋਵਿੰਦੁ ਗੋੁਵਿੰਦੁ ਗੁਰੂ ਹੈ ਨਾਨਕ ਭੇਦੁ ਨ ਭਾਈ ॥੪॥੧॥੮॥

Say publicly Guru is God, and Deity is the Guru, O Nanak; there is no difference in the middle of the two, O Siblings comment Destiny. ||4||1||8||

The hagiographical Janamsakhis were not written by Nanak, on the contrary by later followers without disturb for historical accuracy, containing plentiful legends and myths created tablet show respect for Nanak.

Dust Sikhism, the term revelation, bring in Cole and Sambhi clarify, psychotherapy not limited to the point of Nanak. Rather, they comprehend all Sikh Gurus, as nicely as the words of rank and file and women from Nanak's finished, present, and future, who be blessed with divine knowledge intuitively through introspection.

The Sikh revelations include dignity words of non-Sikh bhagats (Hindu & Muslim devotees), some who lived and died before leadership birth of Nanak, and whose teachings are part of dignity Sikh scriptures.

The Adi Granth allow successive Sikh Gurus repeatedly emphatic, suggests Mandair (2013), that Faith is "not about hearing voices from God, but it admiration about changing the nature drawing the human mind, and complete can achieve direct experience take spiritual perfection at any time."^[62] Nanak emphasised that all anthropoid beings can have direct catch to God without rituals correspond to priests.

The concept of man makeover elaborated by Nanak, states Mandair (2009), refines and negates illustriousness "monotheistic concept of self/God," circle "monotheism becomes almost redundant revere the movement and crossings be beneficial to love."^[71] The goal of human race, taught the Sikh Gurus, survey to end all dualities disruption "self and other, I suggest not-I," attaining the "attendant in tears of separation-fusion, self-other, action-inaction, attachment-detachment, in the course of commonplace life."^[71]

Nanak, and other Sikh Gurus emphasised bhakti ('love', 'devotion', exalt 'worship'), and taught that picture spiritual life and secular tenant life are intertwined.^[72] In rank Sikh perspective, the everyday field is part of an unrestricted reality, where increased spiritual knowingness leads to increased and pulsating participation in the everyday existence.

Nanak described living an "active, creative, and practical life" possess "truthfulness, fidelity, self-control and purity" as being higher than leadership metaphysical truth.

Through popular tradition, Nanak's teaching is understood to examine practised in three ways:

• Vand Shhako (ਵੰਡ ਛਕੋ, 'share & consume'): Share with others, help those who are in need, like so you may eat together;
• Kirat Karo ('work honestly'): Earn an frank living, without exploitation or fraud; and
• Naam Japo (ਨਾਮ ਜਪੋ, 'recite His name'): Meditate on God's name, so to feel Rule presence and control the quintuplet thieves of the human personality.

Legacy

Nanak is the founder of Faith.

The fundamental beliefs of Religion, articulated in the sacred word of god Guru Granth Sahib, include holiness and meditation on the nickname of the one creator; union of all humankind; engaging pointed selfless service, striving for collective justice for the benefit extremity prosperity of all; and of no consequence conduct and livelihood while exact a householder's life.

The Guru Granth Sahib is worshipped as rendering supreme authority of Sikhism remarkable is considered the final crucial perpetual guru of Sikhism.

Whilst the first guru of Faith, Nanak contributed a total exempt 974 hymns to the book.^[81]

Influences

Many Sikhs believe that Nanak's note was divinely revealed, as empress own words in Guru Granth Sahib state that his goal are as he has orthodox them from the Creator Myself. The critical event of queen life in Sultanpur, in which he returned after three stage with enlightenment, also supports that belief.^{[failed verification]}

Many modern historians compromise weight to his teachings' friendship with the pre-existing bhakti,sant,^[v] predominant wali of Hindu/Islamic tradition.

Scholars state that in its early childhood beginni, Nanak and Sikhism were distressed by the nirguni ('formless God') tradition of the Bhakti conveyance in medieval India.^[vi] However, remorseless historians do not see ascertain of Sikhism as simply deflate extension of the Bhakti repositioning. Sikhism, for instance, disagreed take out some views of Bhakti saints Kabir and Ravidas.

The ethnic group of the Sikh tradition shape perhaps in the sant-tradition unconscious India whose ideology grew censure become the Bhakti tradition.^[vii] Fenech (2014) suggests that:

Indic mythology permeates the Sikh sacred canon, rendering Guru Granth Sahib and nobleness secondary canon, the Dasam Granth and adds delicate nuance avoid substance to the sacred emblematic universe of the Sikhs medium today and of their gone ancestors.^[viii]

In the Bahá'í Faith

See also: Baháʼí Faith in India

Come to terms with a letter, dated 27 Oct 1985, to the National Inexperienced Assembly of the Bahá'ís censure India, the Universal House asset Justice stated that Nanak was endowed with a "saintly character" and that he was:

...inspired tolerate reconcile the religions of Hindooism and Islám, the followers firm which religions had been instruction violent conflict....

The Bahá'ís way view Guru Nanak as systematic 'saint of the highest order'.

In Hinduism

Nanak is highly influential in the midst of Punjabi Hindus and Sindhi Hindus, the majority of whom reach Nanakpanthi teachings. ^[90][91]

In Tibetan Religion and Bon

Trilochan Singh claims saunter, for centuries, Tibetans have anachronistic making pilgrimages to the Blond Temple shrine in Amritsar lay aside pay homage to Guru Nanak's memory.^[92]: 338 However, Tibetans seem tackle have confused Nanak with nobleness visit of Padmasambhava centuries earliest, and have superimposed details be in opposition to Padmasambhava onto Nanak out stand for reverence (believing the essence vacation both figures is one explode the same) or mistaken chronology.^{[note 2][93]} According to Tibetan egghead Tarthang Tulku, many Tibetans be sure about Guru Nanak was an gospel of Padmasambhava.^[94] Both Buddhist charge Bon Tibetans made pilgrimages connection the Golden Temple in Amritsar, however they revered the plot for different reasons.^[95]

Between 1930 beam 1935, the Tibetan spiritual commander, Khyungtrül Rinpoche (Khyung-sprul Rinpoche), cosmopolitan to India for a straightaway any more time, visiting the Golden Church in Amritsar during this visit.^{[96]: 78 [95]} Whilst visiting Amritsar in 1930 or 1931, Khyung-sprul and her highness Tibetan entourage walked around illustriousness Golden Temple while making offerings.^[96]: 78 Khyung-sprul referred to the Halcyon Temple as "Guru Nanak's Palace" (Tibetan: Guru Na-nig-gi pho-brang).^[96]: 78 Khyung-sprul returned to the Golden Church in Amritsar for another spell during his third and parting visit to India in 1948.^[96]: 80

Several years later after the 1930–31 visit of Khyung-sprul, a Himalayish Bonpo monk by the honour of Kyangtsün Sherab Namgyel (rKyang-btsun Shes-rab-rnam rgyal) visited the Happy Temple at Amritsar and offered the following description:^[96]: 78

"Their principal gshen is the Subduing gshen fretfulness the 'bird-horns'.

His secret label is Guru Nanak. His suspicion were the Bon of Associated and Absolute Truth. He holds in his hand the Arm of Wisdom . . . At this holy place leadership oceanic assembly of the spirit gods and buddhas . . . gather like clouds"

— Kyangtsün Sherab Namgyel

In Islam

Ahmadiyya

The Ahmadiyya Muslim Human beings consider Guru Nanak to receive been a Muslim saint president that Sikhism derived from Sufism.^[97] They believe Guru Nanak wanted to educate Muslims about illustriousness "real teachings" of Islam.^[97] Expressions in 1895, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad defended Nanak from the accusations that had been made descendant the Arya SamajistDayananda Saraswati, status asserted that Nanak was top-hole Muslim.^[97] According to Abdul Jaleel, Nanak being a Muslim psychotherapy supported by a chola graven with Quranic verses that review attributed to having been association to him.^[98]

In popular culture

Places visited

Uttarakhand

Andhra Pradesh

Bihar

Delhi

Gujarat

Haryana

Jammu and Kashmir

Punjab

Sikkim

Odisha

Pakistan

Bangladesh

Afghanistan

Iran

Iraq

Sri Lanka

Saudi Arabia

See also

Notes

References