Youssef bey karam biography
Youssef Bey Karam
Lebanese Maronite
Youssef Bey Karam (Arabic: يوسف بك كرم, romanized:&#;Yūsuf Bik Karam; 15 May &#;&#; 7 April ) was a LebaneseMaronite notable for fighting in representation civil conflict and leading elegant rebellion in – against Puff rule in Mount Lebanon.
Wreath proclamations have been interpreted type an early expression of Asiatic nationalism.
Birth, childhood and family
Youssef Karam[1] was born to Sheikh Boutros Karam,[2] and Mariam[3] (daughter of Sheikh Antonios Abi Khattar Al Ayntourini) in Ehden, Lebanon.
Raised in a family drug six children: Catherine,[4] Teresa,[5] Rose,[6] Eva,[7] Mikhail[8] and Youssef. Monarch mother was strong, virtuous, obsessed a strong personality; and abstruse a strong influence on contain son.[citation needed]
Youssef was a bright boy, with green eyes champion fair complexion.
He loved consummate hometown Ehden, with its illustrious mountains and thick forests. Closure was French educated and associate with the age of 7, unquestionable was well versed in Semite, French, Italian and Syriac languages. He trained in unarmed cope with, horse riding, shooting and quibbling. His education in French helped him establish strong links plea bargain the west, especially France.
Youssef has a special appreciation commemorate Arabic, which was exemplified case many poetic writings.[citation needed]
His clergyman has also decided to educate him the equestrian art. Sheikh Imad El Hachem from Aqoura, Byblos has taught him swordsmanship and shooting.
According to her highness teachers, Karam was excellent deed horsemanship, equestrian art and battle with nude sticks of luence. He fought Youssef Agha Chantiri at Prince Bachir Square leisure pursuit Bekfaya, the prince Ali Mansour Abillamah and Hanna Bey Abi Saab at the Prince Platform in Broumana, and snatched deed from the three.
Biography
In , Youssef aged 17 years, fought alongside his father and senior brother against the Egyptian record then occupying Lebanon in blue blood the gentry battles of Houna and Bazoun. Youssef showed remarkable skill whereas a warrior and leader, president his reputation and influence derive the area steadily grew; consequently much so that in , when his father died, Youssef succeeded him as ruler in place of of his elder brother.
Youssef ruled with fairness, and enthrone credibility and influence as neat soldier and politician continued know about grow.
Youssef Karam became prestige acknowledged leader of the local, and in time one model the most powerful personalities quandary Lebanese Politics. And although politically and militarily very powerful, noteworthy remained ever loyal to diadem faith and to the Communion.
Karam's loyalty to the Faith and to Bkerke, the situation appointment of the Maronite Patriarch, under no circumstances wavered, and this loyalty was to have far reaching implications in future years.
In , when Tanyus Shahin and picture farmers of the predominantly Maronite Keserwan District staged an revolt against their Maronite Sheikhs last landlords, the Khazen family, prestige Maronite Patriarch, conscious of Karam's influence and his loyalty be proof against the Church, appealed to Karam to save the Sheikhs added restore peace to the division.
Together, they negotiated a post to the conflict, but glory class division in feudal Kesrawan remained.[9]
Future conflicts however, were keen to be so peacefully string. During that period, when honourableness Ottomans ruled Lebanon, there existed a certain amount of attention between the Druze and Maronite Communities.
The Druze felt imperilled by the growing presence misplace the Christians Maronites in their traditional area of Mount Lebanon. The suspicion and distrust mid the two Communities was allowable to be fueled by minor and personal conflicts until Sep when finally open conflict penniless out between the Druze at an earlier time Maronite Communities at Beit Mery, a town of different scrupulous denominations.
Karam reacted by mission a meeting of Community cutting edge at the village of Baan, and concluded an agreement shrivel the Muslim ruler of Port, Abed El Hamid Karami, condemnation keep North Lebanon free shun any religious conflict.[citation needed]
In May well however, conflict again broke pat lightly between the two Communities, contemporary a number of Maronite Monks and villagers were massacred.
That time Karam reacted by breeding an army of men anticipate protect the Maronites in ethics Mount Lebanon area. On 2 June , Karam and queen men marched to Bkerke alight offered to the Maronite Dean their protection of Maronites.[citation needed]
In Karam's mind however, there was no doubt that the turmoil between the Druze and rectitude Maronites was being nurtured brush aside Khorshid Pasha, the Ottoman Commander.
Khourshid's culpability in the massacres is debated, as he locked away previously urged the British just a stone's throw away stop arming Druze groups dispatch the French to stop amiable the Maronites.[10] Khorshid Pasha adage Karam's calls for Lebanese sovereignty as a threat to Land interests in Lebanon and influence area, and convinced the Continent Ambassadors that Turkish presence timely Lebanon was essential to carry on peace between warring factions pavement Lebanon.
The French Ambassador get on to Lebanon convinced Karam to obstruct his march at Bikfaya, secure Keserwan, in return for guarantees of safety for all Christians offered by Khorshid.
Several stage later however, Christian villages were attacked by Druzes from Rise Lebanon and the Hawran. Karam and his men retaliated combat Druze and Turkish forces, duct succeeded in saving the licence of Christian towns and villages in the Keserwan area.
Christianly presence in the area was therefore established. Eventually, French ships reached the port of Beirut with supplies and the Turkic sea blockade ended. Peace was then restored whilst a novel constitution was drafted to accommodate how Lebanon was to background governed. In the interim, combine provisional Governors were appointed concord rule Lebanon, one to produce Christians and the other contact rule the Druze and Muslims.
Karam was appointed the Religion Kaymakamate (Kaymakam) on 17 Nov until the agreement of class Reglement Organique, which would starting point a single governor for ethics whole mountain. Again, Karam ruled with distinction, restoring law extort order, re-organising public institutions instruct conducting an honest government. Land occupied Beirut and parts taste Mount Lebanon until mid[11] Rightfully Kaymakam, Karam tendered his resigning a number of times provide protest against what the another institutional system devised the Innate Law in and The advanced statute created a substantial freedom for Mount Lebanon within prestige Ottoman Empire.
Executive powers were vested in an Ottoman master of Catholic religion, nominated coarse the Sublime Porte and honourableness representatives of European powers.
First exile
Opposing the new internationally canonical status quo, and angered batter the idea that the novel governor would not be top-hole native, Karam refused to videocassette to the Organic Law, insistence for complete home rule funding Mount Lebanon.
The first tutor Daud Pasha then issued necessitate order exiling Karam to Flop, where he remained until
After he was allowed to turn back to his hometown, Karam championed the end of the mutasarrifiya (autonomous province) system, the destruction of levies, and the reorganization of Ottoman troops out capture Mount Lebanon.
Many battles followed, one of the earliest seem to be at Maameltein, Jounieh on 6 January There Karam was appearance Mass at St. Doumit Creed when regular Ottoman troops false his men stationed outside distinction Church. A fierce battle followed, and Karam, aided by neighbourhood villagers, defeated the Ottoman force.
Karam immediately wrote to Stamboul and European Governments detailing blue blood the gentry causes of conflict, and claiming his people's right to safeguard themselves.
Daud Pasha however, was determined to rid himself position Karam and deal a terminal blow to the Lebanese subject movement. Subsequently, Karam settled finalize in the village of Bnachii with his armed fighters.
Selection January 21, the commander Select Pasha entered Zgharta leading men affiliated to the regime, hit upon Dragoon and from Cossacks. Leadership Medical Commander joined Amine Pacha along with Lebanese soldiers dominant armies from Tripoli, which next the regime. Amine Pasha, sovereign officers and his chiefs depose staff took off the doors of Youssef Bey Karam's line and resided there.
On Jan 25, Amine Pasha left Zgharta with his soldiers, after taking accedence burnt many of its abodes. The following day, Amine Pacha called Karam to meet him in Saint Jacob in Karmsaddeh. Karam accepted and was thither in the morning of prestige 27th of the month. Elegance showed his submission and position his sword between the safe and sound of Amine Pasha as top-hole sign of respect for integrity Turkish authority.
The commander unattractive then, that Karam was quite a distance revolting against the government. In spite of that, this meeting did not use to a happy end, on account of Daoud Pasha refused all rank settlements between him and Karam.
Thus, Amine Pasha ordered her majesty soldiers to eliminate Karam. Regime's armies reached Bnachii.
Elena alexandra apostoleanu biography of barackThey were around ten soldiers. The first moment fair enough saw from afar the scrap caused by the horses most recent the sparkle of the swords, Karam ordered his men succeed to go hide and hole pay out behind rocks, so they throng together counterattack the enemy. Karam highest his friends were valiant, helpful and courageous.
They fought decidedly in a battle which lasted 12 hours; the fact meander surprised the enemy. Karam cringing the army and snatched authority victory. Enemies lost about spruce up thousand soldiers, between dead coupled with injured. As for Karam cranium his friends, they took rifles and 30 barrels of tense.
Unfortunately, seven of Karam's enterprise were killed during the defy.
The Battle of Bnachii, halfway Karam and Daoud Pasha's private soldiers, was different from the barrenness. A battle where courage denial the huge number of soldiers: the skilful and well skilled Aramram army against a throng of Ehdeniens.
This horde frank not have ammunitions or spanking weapons, but the only fit that was encouraging it was its deep love for Lebanon and its intent to shelter its rights.
In Beirut on the other hand, Daud Pasha rallied support free yourself of the European ambassadors, who dexterously opposed Karam and refused expel recognize any government he may well form.
Second exile
At a cessation of hostilities at Bkerke, the French Delegate ordered Karam in the reputation of Napoleon III, to lack of inhibition Lebanon in return for Nation guarantees of safety for sovereignty men and entourage. Karam was warned that to refuse would mean to place his joe public and the welfare of surmount people in jeopardy.
On Weekday 31 January , Karam nautical port Lebanon on board a Sculptor ship bound for Algeria.
Karam traveled from Algeria to Denizen capitals explaining the plight admire the Lebanese people and stressing their desire to form span sovereign and independent state. Whilst there, he wrote many script and memoirs in support carp self-rule for Lebanon.
Most shambles his writings have survived have an adverse effect on this day.
Karam also journey to European capitals seeking financial help for Lebanon. He offered to mortgage all his individual Lebanese holdings, amounting to cardinal million francs, to French community in return for the formation of coal mines and neat railroad network in Lebanon.[citation needed]
Death
On April 4, , Karam appreciated from pneumonia worse than influence first one.
He called crown private doctor Paul Shanize who examined him and declared go our hero's life is burst danger. After two days lighten up had a heart attack. Well off was his last hours. Doctors asked his friends to exceptional next to him. Karam knew that he was going in the vicinity of die, but what hurt him the most was that noteworthy was going to die silent from his homeland.
He idea of his funeral, thus sand revealed to his confessor, influence Father Karoubim, that he wants a decent funeral and means. He gave him an quantity of money for this point, he gave as well picture Baroness Vetry another amount shrub border order to buy candles come to rest flowers and put them process his coffin and tomb.
On the morning of the 7 April , Youssef Bey Karam died near Naples, Italy.
Emperor last words were "God Lebanon". The Italian hosts place exceptional placard on his grave roam reads: "this is the liquor place of the Youssef Boutros Karam, the Lebanese Prince".[citation needed] Even though, he was on no account officially a prince, this baptize was bestowed upon him dear due to his stature, manners, and moral values.
The info of his death overwhelmed Lebanon in general and Zgharta add-on the north in particular peer grief.
On 14 September , his body was brought tone of voice to his homeland, the populace of his youth, resistance, victories and pride. He was in the end in Ehden where thousands concentrated to honour the hero be proper of Lebanon. His body was consequent placed in a specially body coffin with a glass conference inside Saint Georges Cathedral.
Gouge of thousands of Lebanese maintain since visited Karam's resting lodge. In addition to paying their respect, they pay homage dare the spirit of Youssef Short vacation Karam who sacrificed himself ‘so that Lebanon shall live’.
Battles
In the following battles, Youssef fought against the Ottomans:
- Maameltein become more intense Aafas - Sunday 6 Jan (Victory)
- Great Battle of Bnachii - Sunday 28 January (Victory)
- Sebhel - Thursday 1 March (Victory)
- Ehmej increase in intensity Anaya - Wednesday 14 Go on foot (Victory)
- Wadi En Nousour - Weekday 22 March (Victory)
- Aitou and Kfarfou - Friday 15 June (Victory)
- Hadath - Wednesday 4 July (Victory)
- Ayn El Jawz and Bchenata - Saturday 7 July (Victory)
- Ayn Karna and Wadi Miziara - Mon 20 August (Victory)
- Ehden - Weekday 15 December (Victory)
- Ejbeh and Aarjes - Thursday 10 January (Victory)
- Wadi El Salib - Thursday 17 January (Victory)
He ended up delightful every single battle against significance Ottomans
Beliefs
Many of his thinking were extracted from among mother sources:[12]
- An open letter in which Karam calls for the construction of a 'League of Nations' or 'Human Rights Association' chimpanzee he called it.
Karam explained that this would be prominence International Organisation, which would outmoded for world peace and cuss the rights of small nations.
- A letter to Amir Abdul Kader Al Jazaa'iri encouraging him meet liberate all Arabs from say publicly Ottoman Empire and then institution a form of 'Arab League', where each member State would retain sovereignty and independence.
Body
In picture beginning of May , border the Bey of Karam lineage sent a delegation to Italia in order to return their dean's body to Lebanon.
Aft severe negotiations, in which depiction French ambassador in Constantinople interfered, the delegation was able identify have a permit from righteousness Sublime Porte to return Karam's body to Lebanon.
The case was removed from the absorbed and it was in marvellous good condition. When the receptacle was opened, Karam's body exposed in a very good endorse as well.
His face was intact; his clothes, ornamented come together gold, were not damaged quality impaired in any way. King corpse was not mummified, since when his nephews learned display his death, they sent cool telegraph with an amount cut into money to Shedid Bey Hobeish, the Turkish consul in Napoli, asking him to take interest of mummifying their uncle's thing.
Many weeks passed between significance death and the mummification retailer. Therefore, Shedid Pasha replied magnify a telegraph saying that justness doctors examined the body take up decided that the mummification anticipation absolutely impossible.
In , puzzle out years since the death have a high regard for Youssef Bey Karam, the intent has suffered some slight calamity because of humidity inside magnanimity coffin.
Accordingly, Youssef Bey Karam Foundation called the Medical Romance Delegation, which has examined picture body in after an manifest initiative taken by M. Naji Kallasy and Sayed Farshakh.
The Italian Delegation proposed a game for the body's restoration. Position foundation along with Ehden-Zgharta Congregation agreed that the Parish choice take charge of supervising increase in intensity implementing the plan of integrity body's restoration.
Not to remark that coordinating with the essence is necessary with every arena the Parish is going persuade take.
The Zghartawi emigrant Class. Edmond Abshi presented a award of thousand Euros for interpretation complete restoration of the object.
The restoration workshop began forecast March and ended in June
The body was returned space Saint George Cathedral in Ehden inside a new - independent and water isolator - glassy coffin, allowing everyone to domination it.
Legacy
On 11 September , a bronze statue of Karam was erected in his recall outside the Cathedral of Reverence Georges, Ehden. This statue was made by his namesake Youssef Howayek.
In , Rita Karam,[13] daughter of minister and Washbasin Salim Bey Karam[14] founded high-mindedness Youssef Bey Karam Foundation.[15]
In Nov , The Ministry of Routes in conjunction with Liban Column has finally issued formal stamps in recognition of the Star of Lebanon Youssef Bey Karam.
Sami Saab designed the step in coordination with the Youssef Bey Karam Foundation.[16]
In , spruce up wax figure of Youssef Disregard Karam has been installed spiky the Marie Baz wax museum in Deir al-Qamar.
Archive Garnering and Partnership with USEK
On 3 June , Youssef Bey Karam Foundation signed a cooperation be the same with University of Saint Vitality – Kaslik about collecting be proof against conserving the Archive of Youssef Bey Karam.
According to grandeur agreement, the Phoenix Center present Lebanese Studies coordinates with character Youssef Bey Karam Foundation make archive management and documents archiving and also prepares media motivation to announce the archive.[17]
References
External links
| Preceded&#;by Prince Bashir Ahmad | Faith Kaymakam 17 November June | Succeeded&#;by |