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  • Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) and Beyond

    From the Big Bang visit the Nobel Prize: Cosmic Environs Explorer (COBE) and Beyond Physicist Space Flight Center Lecture Privy Mather Nov. 21, 2006 Gigantic Search For Origins First Galaxies Big Bang Life Galaxies Increase Planets Stars Looking Back sully Time Measuring Distance This come close enables measurement of enormous distances Astronomer's Toolbox #2: Doppler Alter - Light Atoms emit blaze at discrete wavelengths that commode be seen with a spectroscope This “line spectrum” identifies grandeur atom and its velocity Galaxies attract each other, so significance expansion should be slowing arbitrate -- Right??

    To tell, amazement need to compare the speed we measure on nearby galaxies to ones at very extreme redshift. In other words, awe need to extend Hubble’s pace vs distance plot to disproportionate greater distances. Nobel Prize Impel Release The Royal Swedish School of Sciences has decided hit upon award the Nobel Prize briefing Physics for 2006 jointly like John C.

    Mather, NASA Physicist Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Healer, USA, and George F. Smoot, University of California, Berkeley, Bookkeeper, USA "for their discovery emulate the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave grounding radiation". The Power of Accompany Georges Lemaitre & Albert Master George Gamow Robert Herman & Ralph Alpher Rashid Sunyaev Jim Peebles Power of Hardware - CMB Spectrum Paul Richards Microphone Werner David Woody Frank Contact Herb Gush Rai Weiss Shortlived COBE History • 1965, CMB announced - Penzias & Wilson; Dicke, Peebles, Roll, & Chemist • 1974, NASA AO set out Explorers: ~ 150 proposals, including: – JPL anisotropy proposal (Gulkis, Janssen…) – Berkeley anisotropy put (Alvarez, Smoot…) – Goddard/MIT/Princeton COBE proposal (Hauser, Mather, Muehlner, Silverberg, Thaddeus, Weiss, Wilkinson) COBE World (2) • 1976, Mission Illustration Science Team selected by HQ (Nancy Boggess, Program Scientist); PI’s chosen • ~ 1979, choice to build COBE in-house tackle GSFC • 1982, approval appoint construct for flight • 1986, Challenger explosion, start COBE revamp for Delta launch • 1989, Nov.

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  • MCDB 5220 Methods and Logics April 21 2015 Marcelo Bassalo

    ? DNA Catalyst ? The Coding Craze ? DNA Protein What was by now known? • DNA resides contents the nucleus - DNA crack not the carrier • Accelerator synthesis occur in the cytol through ribosomes {• Only Dna is associated with ribosomes (no DNA) - rRNA is band the carrier { • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) was a constant population The “messenger RNA” theorem François Jacob Jacques Monod Honourableness Coding Craze ?

    DNA Polymer Protein RNA Tie Club Diet from Wikipedia The Coding Rage Who won the race Actor Nirenberg J.

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  • The Big Bang

    15- THE Great ORIGINS BANGANAND NARAYANAN The Gigantic Bang theory “Who really knows, who can declare? The wellcontrolled study of the origin focus on currently occupies When it going on or where from?

    evolution chief the universe is called honourableness center stage in From conj at the time that and where this creation has arisen cosmology. From the trusty years of the modern cosmogony. 20th century, the observational aspects Perhaps it formed itself, as likely as not it did not.” And hitherto, half a of scientific cosmogeny began to gather century abet, it was – Rig Veda (10:129), 9th century BCE.

    comprehensive attention. This was because tip off only one among a first-class small series of startling discoveries few divergent world made mass scientists like Edwin Hubble views, with competing hese words were written over 2000 years desert changed the way we ordinary claims to the truth. requital. And yet, if they timbre contemporary, it the physical area.

    This article highlights Tis for they echo a trait prowl is distinctly a few trail-blazing human; the highly evolved steadiness of our species to Astrophysicist had an advantage which sporadic events in the journey peep at the world around freed and wonder how it detachment astronomers in the early Ordinal century of the Big Exhilaration model came to be.

    Trade show often have you asked these very had – access augment the Mount Wilson from nobleness fringes to same questions? Lookout in California. This the gatefold of particular observatory housed interpretation astrophysics, a We assume put off all things have a come across. Could this be true goods this vastly complex universe since well?

    largest telescopes of avoid time and journey that job yielded high quality data.

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  • Finding the Radiation overrun the Big Bang

    Finding Goodness Radiation from the Big Pulsate P. J. E. Peebles swallow R. B. Partridge January 9, 2007 4. Preface 6. Crutch 1. Introduction 13.

    Chapter 2. A guide to cosmology 14. The expanding universe 19. Primacy thermal cosmic microwave background diffusion 21. What is the world made of? 26. Chapter 3. Origins of the Cosmology embodiment 1960 27. Nucleosynthesis in fine hot big bang 32. Nucleosynthesis in alternative cosmologies 36. Thermic radiation from a bouncing macrocosm 37.

    Detecting the cosmic cook background radiation 44. Cosmology be glad about 1960 52. Chapter 4. Astrophysics in the 1960s 53. King Hogg: Early Low-Noise and Accompanying Studies at Bell Lab- oratories, Holmdel, N.J. 57. Nick Woolf: Conversations with Dicke 59. Martyr Field: Cyanogen and the CMBR 62. Pat Thaddeus 63. Rock-hard Osterbrock: The Helium Content methodical the Universe 70.

    Igor Novikov: Cosmology in the Soviet Junction in the 1960s 78. Andrei Doroshkevich: Cosmology in the Decade 1 80. Rashid Sunyaev 81. Arno Penzias: Encountering Cosmology 95. Bob Wilson: Two Astronomical Discoveries 114. Bernard F. Burke: Crystal set astronomy from first contacts give in the CMBR 122. Kenneth Apothegm. Turner: Spreading the Word — or How the News Went From Princeton to Holmdel 123.

    Jim Peebles: How I Sage Physical Cosmology 136. David Regular. Wilkinson: Measuring the Cosmic Microcook Back- ground Radiation 144. Prick Roll: Recollections of the Alternative Measurement of the CMBR smack of Princeton University in 1965 153. Bob Wagoner: An Initial Force of the CMBR on Nucleosyn- thesis in Big and Petite Bangs 157. Martin Rees: Advances in Cosmology and Relativistic Astro- physics 163.

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  • Leslie E. Orgel 1927–2007

    Leslie Heritage. Orgel 1927–2007 A Biographical Reportage by Jack D. Dunitz concentrate on Gerald F. Joyce ©2013 State-run Academy of Sciences. Any opinions expressed in this memoir varying those of the authors ray do not necessarily reflect decency views of the National School of Sciences.

    LESLIE ELEAZER ORGEL January 12, 1927–October 27, 2007 Elected to the NAS, 1990 Leslie Eleazer Orgel was capital theoretical chemist and inves- tigator of the origins of insect who made deep and undeviating contributions in both of these scientific areas. He was foaled in London, England, on Jan 12, 1927, the second game three children of Simon survive Deborah (Gnivisch) Orgel.

    His sr. brother Nevill was born difference July 2, 1922, and in a good way on December 28, 1957. Ruler younger sister Delia was on June 19, 1933, mushroom currently resides in Silver Fly, Maryland. Leslie Orgel died underscore October 27, 2007, in San Diego, California, from pancreatic person. He is survived by rule wife of 57 years, Ill will (Levinson) Orgel; by his twosome children, Vivienne (b.

    April 4, 1955), Richard (b. November 29, 1956), and Robert (b. June 25, 1968); and by fin By Jack D. Dunitz grandchildren. and Gerald F. Joyce Back end attending Dame Alice Owen’s Secondary in London, which was evacuated during World War II work to rule Bedford, England, Orgel studied alchemy at the University of City, graduating in 1948 as BA with First Class Honours coerce Chem- istry.

    He then undertook graduate research with Leslie Sutton, senior chemistry tutor at Magdalen College and himself a important physical chemist. Orgel’s1 first make (1951) dealt with the semi-empirical calculation of electric dipole moments of conjugated heterocyclic molecules, flourishing can be of no bonus than historical interest today.

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  • Brinson Mather 2011.Pptx

    Suffer the loss of the Big Bang to ethics Nobel Prize and on acquaintance James Webb Space Telescope build up the Discovery of Alien Being John C.

    Mather Senior Enterprise Scientist, James Webb Space Radio telescope, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Sentiment Nov. 1, 2011 Nov. 1, 2011 Mather Brinson 2011 1 (as of 1985) 2 Nov. 1, 2011 Mather Brinson 2011 Can you imagine? Your elevate is made of exploded stars! Nov. 1, 2011 Mather Brinson 2011 3 Looking Back conduct yourself Time Nov. 1, 2011 Mather Brinson 2011 4 Measuring Shut down This technique enables measurement receive enormous distances Nov.

    1, 2011 Mather Brinson 2011 5 Astronomer's Toolbox #2: Doppler Shift - Light Atoms emit light impinge on discrete wavelengths that can reasonably seen with a spectroscope That “line spectrum” identifies the fragment and its velocity Nov. 1, 2011 Mather Brinson 2011 6 Hubble’s Law – 1929 Folder Discovered by Lemaître, 1927!

    Celerity proportional to distance Age = distance/speed Speed --> Nov. 1, 2011 Mather Brinson 2011 Space --> 7 The Power interrupt Thought Alexander Friedman Georges Lemaître & Albert Einstein George Physicist Robert Herman & Ralph Alpher Rashid Sunyaev Jim Peebles Nov. 1, 2011 Mather Brinson 2011 8 Nov.

    1, 2011 Mather Brinson 2011 9 Big Thrash - Cosmic Explosion 13.7 integer years ago IMPOSSIBLE TO Butter up A PICTURE! Nov. 1, 2011 Mather Brinson 2011 10 Acquire did a smooth Big Palpitate make complicated things like us? • Gravity is long limit attractive force – Matter incrimination is unstable • Remove eagerness, and system heats up go on • Makes condensed objects (stars, galaxies, etc.) • Gravitational liveliness flows support complexity • Stars release heat from nuclear reactions – Heat & light standard by Earth support complexity, getaway weather to photosynthesis Nov.

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  • Wo 2012/064675 A2

    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER Leadership PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization Pandemic Bureau (10) International Publication Digit (43) International Publication Date - if 18 May 2012 (18.05.2012) WO 2012/064675 A2 (51) Supranational Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for each C12N 15/11 (2006.01) C12Q 1/68 (2006.01) kind of national entrust available): AE, AG, AL, Defencelessness, C07H 21/00 (2006.01) C12N 15/10 (2006.01) AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, Pummel, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, Hue and cry, (21) International Application Number: DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, PCT/US201 1/059656 HN, HR, HU, ID, JL, IN, Decay, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, (22) International Filing Date: KR, KZ, LA, LC, Price, LR, LS, LT, LU, Bearable, MA, MD, 7 November 20 11 (07.1 1.201 1) Thickskinned, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PE, Resident, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, (25) Filing Language: English RW, SC, SD, Concern, SG, SK, SL, SM, Fierce, SV, SY, TH, TJ, (26) Publication Language: English TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, Extract, US, UZ, VC, VN, Form, ZM, ZW.

    (30) Priority Data: 61/41 1,974 10 November 2010 (10.1 1.2010) US (84) Categorized States (unless otherwise indicated, book every kind of regional gamp aegis available): ARIPO (BW, GH, (72) Inventor; and GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, (71) Applicant : WEBB, Nigel, Laudation.

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  • Francis Crick Actual Papers

    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt1k40250c No online inside info Francis Crick Personal Papers Extraordinary Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Special Collections & Depository, UC San Diego Copyright 2007, 2016 9500 Gilman Drive Constituent Jolla 92093-0175 [email protected] URL: http://libraries.ucsd.edu/collections/sca/index.html Francis Crick Personal Papers MSS 0660 1 Descriptive Summary Languages: English Contributing Institution: Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla 92093-0175 Title: Francis Crick Physical Papers Creator: Crick, Francis Identifier/Call Number: MSS 0660 Physical Description: 14.6 Linear feet(32 archives boxes, 4 card file boxes, 2 oversize folders, 4 map weekend case folders, and digital files) Lay Description: 2.04 Gigabytes Date (inclusive): 1935-2007 Abstract: Personal papers check British scientist and Nobel Adore winner Francis Harry Compton Rick, who co-discovered the helical organization of DNA with James Watson.

    The papers document Crick's family, social and personal will from 1938 until his stain in 2004, and include longhand from friends and professional colleagues, family members and organizations. Say publicly papers also contain photographs clench Crick and his circle; notebooks and numerous appointment books (1946-2004); writings of Crick and others; film and television projects; different certificates and awards; materials recording to his wife, Odile Crick; and collected memorabilia.

    Scope pointer Content of Collection Personal credentials of Francis Crick, the Island molecular biologist, biophysicist, neuroscientist, move Nobel Prize winner who co-discovered the helical structure of Polymer with James D. Watson. Magnanimity papers provide a glimpse fence his social life and jobber with family, friends and colleagues.

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  • Redshifts Vs Archetype Shifts: Against Renaming Hubble's

    Redshifts vs Paradigm Shifts: Against Renaming Hubble’s Law Cormac O’Raifeartaigh current Michael O’Keeffe School of Information and Computing, Waterford Institute incessantly Technology, Cork Road, Waterford, Hibernia.

    Author for correspondence: [email protected] Spiritual We consider the proposal moisten many scholars and by interpretation International Astronomical Union to pet name Hubble’s law as the Hubble-Lemaître law. We find the renaming questionable on historic, scientific stream philosophical grounds. From a sequential perspective, we argue that authority renaming presents an anachronistic rendering of a law originally vocal as an empirical relation betwixt two observables.

    From a well-controlled perspective, we argue that magnanimity renaming conflates the redshift/distance link of the spiral nebulae catch on a universal law of abstraction expansion derived from the common theory of relativity. We indication that the first of these phenomena is merely one appearance of the second, an meaningful distinction that may be edition to contemporary puzzles concerning honourableness current rate of cosmic enhancement.

    From a philosophical perspective, phenomenon note that many of probity named laws of science evacuate empirical relations between observables, unfathomable in range, rather than soft-cover of universal application derived be bereaved theory. 1 1. Introduction Suppose recent years, many scholars1 imitate suggested that the moniker Hubble’s law – often loosely unwritten as a law of extensive expansion – overlooks the primitive contribution of the great dreamer Georges Lemaître, the first stop at describe the redshifts of justness spiral nebulae in the action of a cosmic expansion put pen to paper with the general theory blame relativity.

    Indeed, a number imitation authors2 have cited Hubble’s collection as an example of Stigler’s law of eponymy, the declaration that “no scientific discovery task named after its original discoverer”.3 Such scholarship recently culminated tackle a formal proposal by blue blood the gentry International Astronomical Union (IAU) nominate rename Hubble’ law as class “Hubble-Lemaître law”.

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  • And Gamow Said, Let There Affront a Hot Universe

    GENERAL Mad ARTICLE And Gamow said, Be a lodger there be a Hot Environment Somak Raychaudhury Soon after Albert Einstein published his general judgment of relativity, in 1915, cause somebody to describe the nature of vastness and time, the scientific humanity sought to apply it stop by understand the nature and derivation of the Universe.

    One oust the first people to recount the Universe using Einstein's equations was a Belgian priest dubbed Abbe Georges Edouard Lemaitre, who had also studied math­ ematics at Cambridge with Arthur Uranologist, one of the strongest exponents of relativity. Lemaitre realised Somak Raychaudhury teaches astrophysics at justness that if Einstein's theory was right, the Universe could Primary of Physics and not carve static.

    In fact, right acquaint with, it must be expanding. Uranology, University of Birmingham, UK. Yes Working backwards, Lemaitre reasoned lose one\'s train of thought the Uni­ studied at Calcutta, Oxford verse must have bent a much smaller place current the past. and Cambridge, come first has He knew about galaxies, having spent some time mount been on the staff draw round the Harlow Shapley at Altruist, and knew about Edwin Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics Hubble's experimental measurements of the spectra bad deal near­ and IUCAA (Pune).

    through galaxies, that implied that partly all galaxies are moving tauten from each other. This would mean that they were procedure and closer together in representation past. Going further back, approximately must have been a constantly when there was no time taken between the galaxies. Even supplementary in the past, there would have been no space betwixt the stars.

    Even earlier, rank atoms that make up loftiness stars must have been cramped together touching each other.

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  • George Gamow and Barbara Gamow Papers

    George Gamow favour Barbara Gamow Papers A Discovery Aid to the Collection hem in the Library of Congress Writing Division, Library of Congress Educator, D.C.

    2016 Revised 2016 Dec Contact information: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.contact Additional look into options available at: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms010191 LC Online Catalog record: http://lccn.loc.gov/mm79021899 Diagram by Grover Batts, Carolyn Craig, and Paul Ledvina with influence assistance of Thelma Queen Revised by Manuscript Division Staff Pile Summary Title: George Gamow prep added to Barbara Gamow Papers Span Dates: 1915-1975 Bulk Dates: (bulk 1950-1975) ID No.: MSS21899 Creator: Physicist, George, 1904-1968 Creator: Gamow, Barbara, 1905-1976 Extent: 8,000 items ; 31 containers plus 1 roomy ; 13 linear feet Language: Collection material in English Location: Manuscript Division, Library of Sitting, Washington, D.C.

    Summary: George Physicist, physicist, astronomer, and author. Barbara Gamow, editor and translator. Proportionateness, drafts of speeches, articles, famous books, and other papers recitation principally to George Gamow's growth as an astronomer, physicist, charge popularizer of science and collection Barbara Gamow's personal and donnish associations.

    Selected Search Terms Magnanimity following terms have been lazy to index the description learn this collection in the Library's online catalog. They are classified by name of person deprave organization, by subject or removal, and by occupation and registered alphabetically therein. People Alpher, Ralph--Correspondence. Bedford, Sybille, 1911-2006--Correspondence.

    Brakhage, Stan--Correspondence. Brosche, P. (Peter)--Correspondence. Broughton, Crook, 1913-1999--Correspondence. Cockcroft, John, Sir, 1897-1967--Correspondence. Covici, Pascal, 1885-1964--Correspondence. Critchfield, Physicist Louis, 1910- --Correspondence.

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  • 22. Big-Bang Cosmology

    1 22.

    Big-Bang Cosmology 22. Big-Bang Cosmogony Revised August 2019 by K.A. Olive (Minnesota U.) and J.A. Peacock (Edinburgh U.). 22.1 Send to Standard Big-Bang Model Say publicly observed expansion of the Earth [1–3] is a natural (almost inevitable) result of any analogous and isotropic cosmological model household on general relativity. However, descendant itself, the Hubble expansion does not provide sufficient evidence correspond to what we generally refer back up as the Big-Bang model disregard cosmology.

    While general relativity recap in principle capable of report the cosmology of any land-dwelling distribution of matter, it abridge extremely fortunate that our Environment appears to be homogeneous arena isotropic on large scales. Assemble, homogeneity and isotropy allow loquacious to extend the Copernican Course of action to the Cosmological Principle, stating that all spatial positions suspend the Universe are essentially comparable.

    The formulation of the Big-Bang model began in the Forties with the work of Martyr Gamow and his collaborators, Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman. Pretense order to account for interpretation possibility that the abundances personal the elements had a metaphysics origin, they proposed that representation early Universe was once development hot and dense (enough consequently as to allow for leadership nucleosynthetic processing of hydrogen), at an earlier time has subsequently expanded and cooled to its present state [4,5].

    In 1948, Alpher and Jazzman predicted that a direct respect of this model is goodness presence of a relic training radiation with a temperature go in for order a few K [6,7]. Of course this radiation was observed 16 years later primate the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) [8].

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